System and method of permissive data flow and application transfer

ABSTRACT

A computer system and computer control software is provided which allows for secure document delivery between remote parties, and control by the sender of the further distribution and handling by the recipient of an electronic document or other computer file. A file in an application may be stored on a server and manipulated by the file&#39;s native application. The recipient of the file information is given preferably automatic operation to view the user output of the server application, via a thin-client system. The recipient of the file is thus limited, as dictated by the sender, as to the operations it can perform on the document via the server application. Files attached to electronic messages may also be removed and stored on a server, thus eliminating any possible effect on the recipient machine by the computer file. Also provided for is an adaptable thin-client system which adapts to local environmental and use conditions to provide the correct degree of thin-client or local application reliance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/152,721, filed Sep. 8, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/152,756, filed Sep. 8, 1999, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/193,599, filed Mar. 31, 2000, and PCT application PCT/US00/247190, filed Sep. 8, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates generally to data flow among computing devices and networks, and more particularly to techniques for improving the flow of information, especially applications and marketing data, among the computing devices and networks.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Within the field of computing devices and software generally, there is a desire to provide greater access to data for an ever-increasing volume of users. This is due to various factors, but one important factor relates to the much greater demand for such services by users, as well as economic considerations of large user populations and marketing to such populations. In the specific area of consumer preferences and marketing data, data gathering has been fractured and dominated generally by larger corporations with the polling means and other resources necessary to accomplish the large-scale tasks of reaching sizable populations. Moreover, these corporate or private polling providers have generally then utilized such consumer information for a relatively small range of marketing purposes and marketing vendors. It would be desirable to provide extensive marketing and preference information about numerous subjects, allowing for various degrees of subject control, and make this information available to interested parties such as marketers, within the explicit or implicit license granted by the subjects of the information. It is recognized, however, that in order to integrate and establish such an exceptional service for vast numbers of subjects, it may be necessary to motivate them to provide incentives to such subjects to register to receive means to facilitate transfer of the data via the communication nets.

[0004] Customers are often willing to give a vendor certain personal information, if this information is used to benefit the customer. This customer personal information is recognized as valuable by most companies, and is aggressively acquired by those companies able to do so. A standard technique is to offer the consumer something valuable in exchange for personal information. An example is a bookstore discount card which gives a purchase price discount to customers in exchange for allowing the company to track the customer's purchase history. This discount, typically 15% or more, indicates the value the company places on this information. The assumption is that the company can capitalize on this knowledge by offering the customer products more likely to be of interest, and thus more likely to be purchased. However, limitations of a single company's database are many: Only large customers are able to afford the large and expensive effort to acquire and manage this data. From the customer's point of view, this information is not available to other bookstores, some of which might have lower prices or a better, more appropriate selection. This information is lost whenever the company that has acquired the data goes out of business, or perhaps is used in ways not beneficial to the customer, such as selling customer addresses to junk mail distributors. The information is often limited in scope. For example, a history of book purchases might be less of a predictor of future book purchases than the fact that a customer just learned to fly. And that information cannot generally be acquired in a cost-effective way by smaller vendors.

[0005] Personal computer and desktop devices, as well as laptop devices, are capable of executing very large scale computer applications consisting of millions of lines of source code. Because of their size, such applications require large amounts of memory and relatively high cycle speeds of CPU operation in order to run satisfactorily. However, in the 1980's and 1990's, with the popularity of the Internet and world-wide web, there has also arisen a general desire to have dramatically improved interoperability between systems, as well as improved simultaneous communications interfacing and network among an increased number of users.

[0006] Unfortunately, the ultimate providers of the marketing information, i.e., the members of the population consisting of the owners of the desktop and laptop PCs in the worldwide economies, are generally enslaved by the operating systems or application programs they run. This is due to a cost dominance which makes it impractical for most users to switch from one system to another once purchased and installed or used in each individual's computing device. Similarly, the vendors of the legacy programs, which typically require large investment costs to purchase, and may require unique operating systems, have tended to maintain user loyalty by coercive practices which provide limited choices to customers. What is needed is a way in which various computing platforms may operate in a unified environment. A universal computing environment may make it possible to provide marketing subjects, as discussed above, to register to receive such means to facilitate transfer of the data via the communication nets.

[0007] Within the field of computing, there are numerous problems which prevent efficient flow of data among computing devices. Indeed, as the demand for ever-larger application programs continues, and the attendant requirement for greater memory to service these applications accompany such demand, systems for interfacing and operating computing devices become increasingly challenged to keep pace. As a result, whenever data flow is desired, for example the download of application or other programs onto computers from a remote computing device, substantial delays typically ensue which accumulate to vast aggregate inefficiencies throughout the various economies of the world. These inefficiencies contribute to a loss of resources such as time, computing power, human potential, opportunity costs, and others. These lead to a need for more efficient management and cost-effective interface among computing devices.

[0008] Computing systems or interfaces have been devised which operate in a so-called “thin client” mode, i.e., one in which a user terminal or computer may be relatively less powerful than a typical existing PC. The thin-client mode of operation may provide for all application execution to take place at the server. In this type of thin client, the client acts essentially as a terminal emulator, using a commercial network such as the Internet, to submit input to the application running at the server level, and displaying the output of the executable resident on the server. This mode of operation is comparable to a mainframe terminal. Alternatively, a thin client computer may use the communications network to obtain application code, or other executable code, i.e., programs, to enable application operation at the thin client. However, the object code of the program is not permanently stored at the thin client. Typically, if executable code is actually downloaded to a client, only a portion of an application's executable code resides on the thin client at one time.

[0009] The efficiencies of the thin client mode of operating a computing device stem from the manner in which a large size program may be accessed remotely, with the large size program not being downloaded to the computing device of the user. Instead, the large program is accessed remotely by that computing device user (and likely by other users simultaneously as well). Applications have historically been delivered to users over a network by means of a thin client, Files have also been transmitted to users over a network via various systems such as FTP, or as attachments to an e-mail. Links to web pages or file downloads have similarly been practiced. What would be desirable is a system using familiar user modalities to provide a richly functioning interactive and collaborative communications media based at least in part on a remotely-executing application.

[0010] Another development within the software industry is increasing user demand and/or supplier desire for more efficient modes of software delivery to the consumer, chiefly through software downloads over the ftp or http protocols on the Internet. However, while software downloads are available, users are becoming increasingly used to instant gratification of their desire to receive digital content on on-line services, without waiting for extensive downloads. Of course, modem software, born of in-the-large style programming and consisting of literally millions of lines of source code, and correspondingly large executable files following compilation, can take considerable time to download, even on a connection with relatively high bandwidth, such as DSL or cable modems. Furthermore, extensive download waits make it impractical to switch between a thin- and fat-client environment.

[0011] An additional problem occurs when computer users in locations remote from each other attempt to share data files, e.g., word processing “document” files, among themselves. Many viruses are spread via e-mail attachments, particularly where the native application for the attachment file utilizes macros, i.e., executable code running within the native application that is embedded within a data file. Accordingly, as a securing precaution many companies have prohibited all e-mail attachments. Furthermore, many Internet Service Providers have file attachment size limits of from one to five megabytes, to reduce strain on their infrastructure. It would be desirable to provide remote user access to data files of arbitrarily large size without sending the file itself, and without the necessity of the recipient ever downloading the file. In addition, application interface settings can be customized by the individual, but those settings are the same for all documents that person works on. This is depicted in FIG. 1A, (Example of existing Windows Application Interface Customization). It would be desirable to provide the ability to associate custom interface settings with each file. Finally, large file transmission is impractical for users with relatively low-bandwidth connections to a network, such as the Internet, particularly when these files do not admit of significant compression. For example, a typical analog connection may provide transmission of 56K/second. However, an AutoCAD® file for a bridge design might be several hundred megabytes. To download that at 56K would actually take days.

[0012] The originators of some data files may wish to restrict the ability of file recipients to change a document. Currently, software exists, e.g. ADOBE®'s Acrobat PDF (portable document format) software and client viewer software, and other page-description systems that allow data files of certain types to be transmitted in a format which restricts the ability of a recipient to make changes to the data file. This file is then sent as an attachment or download to the recipient, who then views it if he has the PDF viewer installed on his computer. PDF is essentially a “picture” of a document, meaning that the recipient cannot change it. However, a data file originator may wish to restrict use or access of a document in other ways in addition to restricting modification of a data file. For example, a data file originator may wish to restrict the number of times a remote user may view a document, or restrict the ability of a remote user to even save the document. It would be desirable to provide a system by which a data file or “document” originator may restrict access or permissions to a data file in ways other than merely restricting modification.

[0013] Finally, with regard to data file and “document” file sharing, a file originator cannot always be certain, without prior consultation with a document recipient, whether the recipient has the necessary software, i.e., the data file's native application of the same version used by the originator, to view the data file as it appears to the originator. A document originator will wish to be sure that a recipient will be able to view, and perhaps work with a data file, regardless of whether the recipient has a program capable of opening that file installed on his or her PC. This is the function of ADOBE®'s PDF (portable document format). With PDF, a PDF file is derived from a document by the ADOBE® conversion utility. However, even with document formats such as PDF, the originator does not have complete control over the use put to the document. For example, it may be saved by the remote viewer. Also, with PDF, a recipient cannot alter the document in any way.

[0014] It would be desirable to provide a thin client computing environment in which users may use software applications in the interim between a decision to download a software application, and the completion of the download of the entire body of executable code making up the application. It would be also desirable to provide a thin client computing environment in which collaboration between users may take place, i.e., one in which various users may simultaneously view a single data file using a thin-client application. It would also be desirable to provide users with support for a thin client environment in which a user may work until a “fat client”, i.e., an environment in which needed application code is downloaded and resides for an extended period of time on the user's computer, is downloaded to the client computer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] A method for improving interface efficiencies between networked or otherwise communicating computing devices is provided. Enabling code is provided to enable and/or initiate the interface between a remote computing device and a local computing device. This enabling code is downloadable in a format suitable for making possible substantially instant utilization of the enabling code, even while additional portions of the enabling code continue to be downloaded to the local computing device. This enabling code will preferably allow terminal emulation by a client computer, as well as allow further executable code to be downloaded in the background, in order to support some level of fat-client support for a software application which may be used by the client user.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, the enabling code provides a terminal emulator by which the client computer may access application software resident on a server. Preferably, the server computer which executes the application program transmits presentation data to the client computer on an instantaneous or near instantaneous basis, so that the terminal emulation is transparent to the client user, i.e., so that the experience of the user is similar or identical to using a fat client executable application. As the enabling code and other software continues to be downloaded from the remote computing device to the local computing device, a user is free to use other data such as application or file data, resident at or through either the remote computing device or the local computing device. In one embodiment of the invention, following completion of the download of enabling data of the user is, optionally, advised of a transition sequence automatically occurring to terminate the application or data download phase and fully operate within either a local computing device mode or a mode in which files are shared with the local computing device via the remote computing device.

[0017] Also provided within an embodiment of the present invention is a system for distribution of data files between and among remote users. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, information about the location of a remote server may be embedded in a web page viewed with the WWW application, or through e-mail, e.g. the SMTP protocol. Within these communication media would also be embedded information about the remote file to be accessed by the recipient of the communication, and the server application to which the remote file is native. The file, residing on a central server or being uploadable to the server, will also preferably contain information regarding permissions granted to various remote users, including modification, saving, and viewing permissions, together with duration parameters.

[0018] In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the enabling code method may be incorporated into a system and method for increasing the utility and attractiveness of an electronic data service to users; the method comprising multiple steps. A first step includes providing enabling code means to register users which may permit certain application and other software to be available to the registered users. In one embodiment of the subject invention, this enabling code software may be provided to the user free of charge. A configurable database may also be provided and is made accessible to registered users having the enabling code means. A user customized database is configured and built using user-response queries pertaining to a plurality of specific preferences of each user. Permissive action means are provided for use by the user to optionally designate permissive uses of the preference data according to the user's desire. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a system of increasing user utility may be provided which does not utilize enabling code means, where an alternative system of user authentication is provided for.

[0019] In one embodiment of the present invention, the application and document sharing and collaboration method described above is coupled with a consumer or customer habits and preferences database, by which customer-controlled access to information is provided to subscribing businesses, according to the restraints dictated by the customer. The application sharing system may be provided, for example, as a free service to give customers an incentive to participate in the preference database. Other customers may be expected to participate based on the convenient access to purchasing and product information, tailored to their interests, that is afforded by the database.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020]FIG. 1 is a state diagram of one embodiment of a system according to the present invention.

[0021]FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a network according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0022]FIG. 3 is a screen view of one embodiment of a computerized method according to the present invention.

[0023]FIG. 3b is an alternate implementation of the screen view of FIG. 3.

[0024]FIG. 3c is a depiction of an application interface selection interface according to the prior art.

[0025]FIG. 3d is a depiction of a file metadata interface according to the prior art.

[0026]FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the network of FIG. 2, as perceived by a user according to the present invention.

[0027]FIG. 4b is a depiction of the general data flows between several groups of entities according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0028]FIG. 5 is an interface screen capture of a computerized method according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0029]FIG. 5b is an alternate implementation of the screen capture of FIG. 5.

[0030]FIG. 6 is a depiction of the process flows in creation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0031]FIG. 7 is a depiction of the temporal process in the creation of an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0032]FIG. 8 is a depiction of the data flows relating to part of the creation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0033]FIG. 9 is a depiction of the data flows relating to the transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0034]FIG. 10 is a depiction of the process flows relating to part of activation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0035]FIG. 10b is a depiction of the process flows relating to another part of the activation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0036]FIG. 11 a is a depiction of a screen view relating to the transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0037]FIG. 11b is a depiction of a screen view relating to an alternate manner of transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0038]FIG. 11c is a depiction of a user interface screen capture relating to an unavailable link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0039]FIG. 12 is a depiction of a process flow relating to the creation of a guest account for access to application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0040]FIG. 13 is a depiction of process flows relating to the encrypted transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0041]FIG. 14 is a depiction of process flows relating to dynamic changing of file accessed by an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0042]FIG. 15 is a depiction of a process flow relating to a file presented as static accessed by an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0043]FIG. 16 is a depiction of process flows relating to the control of client capabilities for an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0044]FIG. 17 is a depiction of process flows relating to an alternate manner of control of client capabilities for an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0045]FIG. 18 is a depiction of process flows relating to a dynamic client display according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0046]FIG. 19a is a depiction of a user interface for a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047]FIG. 19b is a depiction of a screen view for an alternate implementation of a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0048]FIG. 20 is a depiction of a process flow, with corresponding user interfaces, for a collaborative communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0049]FIG. 21 is a depiction of a process flow for a collaborative communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0050]FIG. 22 is a depiction of a process flow for a collaborative communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0051]FIG. 23 is a depiction of user interface for an alternate implementation of a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0052]FIG. 24a is a depiction of user interface for an alternate implementation of a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0053]FIG. 24b is a depiction of an alternate implementation of a user interface for a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0054]FIG. 25 is a depiction of a user interface for a collaborative communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0055]FIG. 26 is a depiction of a user interface for an alternate embodiment of the present invention.

[0056]FIG. 27 is a process flow diagram for an e-mail server according to a further embodiment of the present invention.

[0057]FIG. 28 is a process flow showing corresponding user interfaces for a software registration system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0058]FIG. 29 is a process flow diagram for a software rights control system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0059]FIG. 30 is a data flow diagram showing metafile server operation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0060]FIG. 31a is a process flow diagram showing metafile server operation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0061]FIG. 31b is a system architecture diagram of a metafile server system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0062]FIG. 32 is a depiction of a metafile server entry according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0063]FIG. 33 is a process flow diagram of alternative metafile server processes according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0064]FIG. 34a is a process flow diagram depicting the creation of a shortcut to an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0065]FIG. 34b is a process flow diagram depicting the activation of a shortcut to an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0066]FIG. 35 is a process flow diagram depicting the creation of an application-file link interface according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0067]FIG. 36 is a process flow diagram depicting the interaction of a customer, vendors, and a Customer Preference and Personalization Database according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0068]FIG. 37 is a process flow diagram depicting the creation of customer contact opportunities by a Customer Preference and Personalization Database according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0069]FIG. 38 is a process flow diagram depicting the auction of customer contact opportunities to vendor participants of a Customer Preference and Personalization Database according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0070]FIG. 39 is a process flow diagram depicting the opening of an application/file hyperlink in the sender's online file system, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0071]FIG. 40 is a process flow diagram depicting the setting of application/file hyperlink properties, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0072]FIG. 40B is a process flow diagram depicting the setting of further application/file hyperlink properties, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0073]FIG. 40C is a process flow diagram depicting the setting of further application/file hyperlink properties, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0074]FIG. 41 is a process flow diagram depicting the implementation of application/file hyperlink recipient properties by online application variables, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0075]FIG. 42 is a process flow diagram depicting the notification to an application/file hyperlink creator or sender that the link has been activated, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0076]FIG. 43 is a depiction of an existing html-based web portal home page, and an alternative to that page, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0077]FIG. 44 is a depiction of a user interface according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0078]FIG. 45 is a depiction of a further user interface according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0079]FIG. 46 is a depiction of another user interface according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0080]FIG. 47 is a depiction of a user interface according to the present invention.

[0081]FIG. 48 is a depiction of a SMTP message that may be issued by a system implemented according to the present invention.

[0082]FIG. 49 is a depiction of a user interface implementing an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0083] In one embodiment of the present invention, it is desired to provide a common enabling code means for rapid download from communications nets, such as intemets, the worldwide web, or other providers of such communication download services. Such enabling code means is designed to provide a facility for download and upload of data from such communications nets to and from desktop, laptop, hand held, or other computing devices of various sizes and capacities. However, such enabling code means is designed with substantial commonality and interoperability with vast amounts of application and other types of software which is freely available on such communication nets.

[0084] As is known in the art, terminal emulation software is available for several popular computing platforms, including the Wintel (Windows operating system, Intel CPU) platform. Terminal emulation software permits a remote client computer to access a server computer and receive GUI or other interface output from the server computer to reflect the operation of an executable application, e.g., a word-processing application or CAD program. If the bandwidth of the communication network connecting the client and server computers is sufficient, the user at the client computer may use the remote application almost as if the application was resident on a local hard drive, and was being executed by his local CPU. This, of course, is the traditional mode of program execution by a PC owner who purchases off-the-shelf software, and then installs it on his machine for use.

[0085] In the past, no one system has been designed for readily providing access for a user to such vast stores of free and readily downloadable information. A key to this availability, therefore, is enabling code means using a common language which is contemplated herein. Of course, the availability of such vast stores of data is one example of a motivating factor for potential users to register to receive such services. In an alternate embodiment of the subject invention, advanced means are provided to a user for customizing either business or personal databases in a manner that permits permissive use to a subset of users of such data.

[0086] This data may consist of user-created files, documents, or other data which may be generated or manipulated by applications offered according to the subject invention. In an alternative embodiment, the data may consist of user-preference or other marketing data. Examples of preference data include, without limitation, preference items of personal information such as name, address, clothing sizes, hobbies, interests, personal preferences in food and drink and clothing, periodic needs, information needs, business needs, consultation requirements and needs, computing needs, situational desires, preferred designs of computing device interfaces, and the like. These, and other, needs or preferences may also be related to a specific product, service, or project. For example, in one embodiment, the use of a personalized database as described above may be to offer to a new user a personalized environment skin, template, desktop, GUI, or other interface, which may be generally termed a WebTop, or other communications net interface based on the individual user's profile. Alternatively, a business user could have a WebTop design or interface which looks like a well known interface environment. Alternatively a youngster or one having tendencies toward youthful designs could enjoy selecting a WebTop or interface design featuring primary colors, large selection means based on cartoon characters, help menus written at the appropriate reading levels, verbal options where each program element would verbally describe its function when requested via a cursor or other simple designation, and other features. In similar fashion, teenagers may enjoy certain features and desires, motifs or themes. In all examples above, there may also be options for preference data related to gender or other preferences.

[0087] In an alternate embodiment of a preference database, which may be either for example a personal/consumer-oriented, or a business-related preference database, the registered user may be allowed to navigate through a process of starting a business. For example, this may include best options selection and linking for writing or having assistance in writing a business plan, incorporating, developing a marketing plan, finding an accountant or legal advisor, locating online accounting software, finding a tax professional, finding sources of funds, or other elements of successfully founding and running a business. Additional resources in such a database provides the user with instant linking connection to various regulatory agencies of various levels of government, marketing professionals, advertising agencies, employment agencies and other resources. An alternate embodiment of the present invention may provide users with automatic event planners permitting extensive coordination between users or other third parties.

[0088] Yet another example of such a personalization database may include, for example, a warehouse or clearinghouse concept of personal data on users. Indeed, the degree of user involvement will always determine, to a certain extent, the success or attractiveness of such a database to potential purchasers of information therein. However, in order to optimize the voluntary providing of such personal information (or business related information) to such databases, it is important to provide maximum access control to the user generating the initial data. In this manner, it is possible for the initial provider of the data to restrict or retract authority or permissions for certain broad or narrow uses of the data based on, for example, possible recipients, time considerations, frequency of permissive action authorized, particularity as to types of users of the database information, and other techniques. This may generally be termed a “permissive action database”, or a “customer preference and personalization database”, as depicted in FIG. 36.

[0089] In service-oriented societies and economies, it is generally desirable to provide improved service to users. This improved service may be provided, in one embodiment of the subject invention, by providing wide-ranging access to free software. Service may also be improved by provision of means to provide certain businesses with an opportunity to better serve the primary registered users of this system and these methods also comprises an improved service, when desired, to the primary users. For example, the ability to better understand the customer's personal tastes and functional needs and to then maintain that information in a data warehouse is very valuable to businesses which may serve users of the present invention. The value of this information to businesses may make possible a reduced or free price in many instances, for the underlying information in the form of applications and other useful software to the primary user. In similar fashion, the data warehouse relating to many peoples' personal taste and functional needs is then able to be used in a manner to provide optimum service to the primary users. One example includes access to a frequent flyer's personal database by as many airlines as desire such information in order to greet the flying passenger upon boarding the aircraft with a customized product such as individually tailored meals, drinks, and newspapers and magazines to allow that passenger to enjoy the best possible service while onboard that particular aircraft. Once again, no longer is it a requirement that the passenger be a registered member of a plurality of airline programs nor is it any longer a requirement, after use of Applicant's invention, for each individual airline or air carrier to maintain distinctly different programs of exceptional, customized service to frequent passengers. Rather, such airlines may simply access the personalized database warehouse and utilize the more particular and specialized data on passengers or corporations to which service is to be provided. It is recognized that vendors and other service providers may also provide fee or other revenue or resources to such an online service described by Applicant when such vendors or others gain business opportunities via the business methods, techniques, and systems described herein.

[0090] Yet another example of the value of this highly refined permissive action database or customer preference and personalization database method and system relates to the business users of the data in the database who would otherwise be completely unable to afford individual polling of such widespread consumers and primary providers of the preference data. These are typically smaller companies and individual service providers which have virtually no means to have such a particularized and accurate database to provide enhanced service to widespread portions of targeted user populations.

[0091] In order to attract the volume of users necessary to achieve substantial and critical levels of various database categories of information, and to achieve this in an efficient manner, it will be desirable to provide attractive user interface features of the interface between the communication nets and the primary users of the computing devices. Indeed, such efficiencies and attractiveness will preferably exceed the former standards known by such users, or provide such a desirable alternative that such primary users will never choose to partake of the old models of communication interface. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, it is desirable to utilize a combination of techniques in allowing simultaneous communication between a user of a computing device and a communication net in a mode which is considered a “thin client” mode of communication while simultaneously permitting the same user to operate the computing device in what is considered a “fat client” operating mode. In other words, rather than simply having a user restricted to use of the particular computing device (laptop, desktop, etc.) for a particular application, it is also possible to simultaneously or virtually simultaneously allow the user to access and download information such as usable applications for use in a “fat client” mode from a communications network while also operating in the thin client mode. In one embodiment of the subject invention, this executable code may be provided free of charge to attract user subscribers for marketing research. Alternatively, the application code or other code may be rented to users on a pay-per-use system, a subscribe system, or similar payment structure that is an alternative to a fully paid-up perpetual license. The user could use the download time for any applications or software being downloaded from a remote interface storage location or other system by having the enabling code means to operate one or more portions of the downloading software be downloaded first. Accordingly, this allows the user to actually utilize the computing device during the download process in either a fat client mode, such as utilizing portions of the software already resident on the user's computing device, or alternatively to be working via thin client with an identical server-based application to the software which is undergoing a download to the user's computing device. A state transition diagram of representative embodiment of the subject invention is shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows the fat- and thin-client states which a user may be operating in, as well as situations or circumstances in which a state transition to the alternate mode may occur.

[0092] In an embodiment of the present invention in which access to executable code is provided to users on a free basis, software may be provided to the user which is available for little or no cost from disparate sources, such as shareware or other open source movement software. In an alternate embodiment of the subject invention, software may be provided to users which is generally sold, the use being supported by advertising revenues. Alternatively, a combination of fee-based subscription and advertising-supported service, with users selecting the level and type of service they wish to receive.

[0093] Advertising presented by a free service according to an embodiment of the invention, appearing as it does on the thin-client WebTop, would preferably be discreet, modest, stationary, and where possible, related to preference information submitted by the registered user.

[0094] Another embodiment of the present invention envisions the simultaneous download feature from a web or other remote communications net to a local computing device simultaneous with the computing device user actually working in the identical server-based application. When a download is complete, or at any other pre-selectable time, a notification of mode change-over may be made utilizing various cueing systems or means as are known in the art. At that point, the user may then utilize the efficiencies of the thin client mode of operating a computing device in which a large size program may be accessed remotely, with the large size program not being downloaded to the computing device of the user, but rather accessed remotely by that computing device user (and likely by other users simultaneously as well).

[0095] Thus, for various types of software applications, a combination of a thin client mode and a fat client mode, or transition between thin client mode to fat client, is highly desirable. Examples of situations in which this combination may be useful include collaboration sessions among various team members on a project remotely located from each other but desirous of collaborating using both relatively small programs as well as a large program suitable to a web based application or simultaneous use, such as a large computer-aided design (CAD) program, an advanced scheduling program, or other advanced and relatively large-scale software programs. Indeed, this system may also incorporate utilization monitoring means for automatically entering a suitable mode, or by prompting users as to the optimum use mode to be in, as well as record such use, if desired, for later use. A collaboration session is preferably initiated by various users accessing a single computer data file, such as a word processing document file. The document file, and any software required to view or edit the document file may be requested by a remote user by, for example, activating a hyperlink by clicking on a document name in an HTML document within the WWW application over the http protocol. This link would prompt the remote server to preferably download to the requesting user thin client software which, in combination with the information on the server pointed to by the AppLink about which file and application to open, allows the user to cause the server to start a file-compatible application, open the data file, and present the application to the remote user in thin-client mode according to the permissions granted to the user by, for example, the originator or other administrator of the document permissions information. The permissions granted to a user may preferably be altered on a dynamic basis, for example, where several users view a document at one time. In this instance, one user preferably will be granted write permission to the data file while all other users are granted a lesser form of permission such as “read”. This provides version control to the data file and avoids problems with inconsistencies between what is ostensibly the same data file from the point of view of the users. In addition to limitations on user's rights to write, modify, or delete data files, the present invention preferably may be configured by a data file originator or administrator to allow other users to view a document, but withholding permission to the other user's to save the data file. The user may be presented with a screen showing various options for security and access provisions for a data file, e.g., a word processing file, spreadsheet file, or CAD drawing.

[0096] In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a thin-client is provided without a corresponding fat client mode, but data file collaboration and other related file transfer techniques are available to thin client users. This embodiment would allow users to use alternate terminal emulation hardware, including, but not limited to, web appliances, personal digital assistants, palmtops, and any other devices which are web- or Internet-enabled, or may operate over TCP/IP, as is known in the art.

[0097] In an alternate embodiment of the subject invention, upon execution of a hyperlink request for a document by a remote user, the user may be presented with a thin client executable code which permits viewing and editing of the data file in its native format, replacing the prior modes of data submission such as CGI forms. The data file submitting by a remote user in this way may later be viewed and edited by other remote users, the form originator, or the user submitting data through the native thin-client executable.

[0098] A schematic state transition diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a fat 110 and thin-client mode 112, and various transitions between these modes. For example, a remote user may wish to begin using a software application which he has not yet loaded on his client PC. The user may wish to operate in thin client mode 112 in order to immediately use an application, the “user application” residing on a remote server, without waiting for the software to download. The user may operate in a thin client mode 112 if the user has access to a commercial service providing access, for example, to a server providing terminal emulation capabilities. This terminal emulation may proceed by input at the client machine being transmitted as instruction requests to the server, indicated by 114. Upon execution of the instruction request 116 at the server application level, the server web-enabling application may modify the GUI or other interface state of the remote user's data file, indicated by 118, as returned by the “user application” running on the server, i.e., the application that the remote user wishes to use for manipulation of a certain data file. In other words, the user's input on the client machine is transmitted to the server, executed on the user application running on the server, and the output of the user application 118 is sent to the client machine, basically, as a “picture” of the server's executable user application output. Because this picture is preferably changed very frequently, the experience of the client user is substantially the same as if the user was inputting commands to executable code resident on the client machine. This “picture” repeatedly sent to the client user may be termed the “GUI state” 118 of the application executing on the server. The executable code which allows the client machine to emulate a terminal, i.e., allows the client machine to send instructions to the server machine, and display the GUI or other output of the client machine, may be considered a component of enable code, and is called commonly a “thin-client”. If a client machine already has the terminal emulation thin client software installed, the enable code downloaded to the client machine may consist solely of the server-based application's “GUI State”.

[0099] In many cases, because the input processes of human beings are, in computer terms, extremely slow, significant bandwidth may exist for the downloading of data over the remote client's communication link. Because of this significant idle bandwidth, the user may request, as indicated at 120, a change of mode from thin- to fat-client, without interrupting use of the user application in thin-client mode. That is, the server-based application's “GUI State” can be continuously downloaded to the client at the same time that the actual application is downloading.

[0100] Alternatively, this transition from operation of server-based applications to downloaded executable code, indicated at 122, may occur automatically, for example, upon initial access of the server. In either event, according to an embodiment of the subject invention, the executable code for the application may be downloaded as a background process or thread, permitting the downloading to take place in the background on the client machine, while a thin client session of the same application is being conducted between the user and the application server. Thus, the present invention allows a remote user to have virtually instant use of an application on the server, while the executable code for the application itself is being transmitted or downloaded to the user's client machine. Upon download of the application code, the application code may be installed on the remote user's machine. This installation may commence upon prompting to a user to begin the installation process, or the installation may commence automatically upon completion of the download process. After installation of the software, if the software executable is run by the user, the user will be operating in fat client mode, indicated by 110. Various events can take place in order to return the client machine to operate in a thin client mode 112. For example, the user may wish to free up disk space or RAM, both of which may be freed up to some extent by a move from fat to thin-client. This effect may be particularly desirable on smaller capacity client machines such as palmtops or PDAs. Alternatively, the client machine may periodically poll its own status indicated at 124 to see if a return to thin-client status is necessary or desirable, as further indicated at 126 and 128, respectively. If a transition to thin-client mode is necessary or desirable, the client machine will preferably check to determine whether communication with the server is present or may be reestablished, as indicated at 130.

[0101] Thin-client mode, as described above, depends on a communications link between client and server which is essentially constant in its availability, if the client user is not to experience inconvenient delays in execution of input and output feedback. If termination of communication with the server occurs or is imminent while in thin-client mode, an immediate transition to fat-client mode is desirable if sufficient user application executable code has been transmitted to the client machine. If termination of communication is imminent but has yet to occur as indicated at 132, preferably the server machine will download any remaining user application code necessary for the application to run on the client machine, as well as any data files being modified by the user at the server level. If communications are terminated abruptly, preferably the server will automatically save any data, at 122, file being modified by the client user, as well as several past versions, according the client user the opportunity to discard changes saved to the data file.

[0102] An example of the advantages of a combination thin-client/fat-client system and method comprises a user operating a portable computer in a public location, for example, near an airport departure lounge. In this instance, at a first moment in time the user is connected to a remote communications network, and is operating the relatively small memory capacity portable computer or laptop computer or hand held or palm size computing device in the thin client mode to optimize availability of advanced programs without the requirement to dominate use of the remaining available portion of memory in the local computing device. However, as the user's aircraft boarding time approaches it may be desirable for the user to employ signal means to shift from a thin client mode to a fat client mode for a selectable portion of an application desired for use onboard the aircraft, but which is not then resident on the user's computing device. This scenario corresponds to the “termination of communications imminent” branch 132 of the state diagram 108 diagram of FIG. 1. This technology and methodology, therefore, permits such a user to optionally select mode shifts between the client user modes in order to optimize not only the computing device memory ratio to software utilized but also to take into account and to accommodate situational elements which occur every day worldwide and which heretofore have not been dealt with in a manner that permits seamless utilization of the computing device in the various situations. In the above example, the user may optionally choose to return to the thin client mode indicated as event 134 in state diagram 108, possibly in the same application program, upon arrival at her destination.

[0103] Public location kiosk-type client machine placement in locations such as airports may increase the user base. For example, agreements may be formed with major office service stores to feature a service based on the present invention as a place for a computer user to store their files for later retrieval at home. This preferably would require the user to sign-up for an account.

[0104] In addition to personal databases and business databases, it is possible to provide collaboration tools, file storage means, office suite programs and other types of desirable packages to the computing device user, such as premium channel packages. The advantages of using the systems and methods described herein include resource savings including financial savings, time savings, ready access throughout the world, minimization or eradication of synchronization problems in various interface scenarios, improved data security due to a reduction in data resident to highly portable and easily lost or stolen portable computing devices, enhanced team productivity among multiple users, dramatically improved session persistence of users, ready access at one logon or communications step to vast stores of information which may have previously required multiple communication access steps and other advantages. The experience of a user under this communication system thus duplicates a virtual private network, and may be experienced as fully interconnected network 190 of FIG. 4.

[0105] As used herein, office suite software may include but not be limited to enabling code means, word processing means, spreadsheet means, presentation and financial and organizational analysis means, database access and manipulation means, and various combinations of the above and other features suitable for business or office utilization of data and management. Collaboration tools used herein includes but is not limited to document sharing software, instant messaging software, news and other information projection means, and multiple access documents and facilitation software for situations such as conferences or other projects or unique advantage situations or opportunities.

[0106] Collaboration methods may, in one embodiment of the present invention be organized around user-selected themes or projects. For example, users could define a project as wedding planning workflow which would have a screen for entering the persons invited to the wedding, a template for invitations, a link to local or national invitation printers, a mechanism for sending e-mail invitations, an electronic RSVP list, which would automatically check-off a guest when he/she has RSVP-ed via e-mail, a link to local wedding venue renters, a link to local caterers, a list where the couple could list the retail establishments which they would like to have included in their gift registry. Another example is a party planner workflow with an invitation list as mentioned above, with links to party caterers and links to an automatic map-creation web site to allow the user to create a map to the party site which would be sent to users. Another example is a “virtual business incubator” which steps the user through the process of starting a business, from writing a business plan, to incorporating, to developing a marketing plan, finding an accountant or on-line accounting software, finding a tax professional, finding sources of funds, etc. There could be links at appropriate places in the workflow to corporate attorneys, State departments of commerce, marketing professionals, advertising agencies, employment agencies, etc.

[0107]FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a network according to an embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 2, an e-mail or a web page can have a hyperlink to a particular application file or document stored remotely on server 140 or remote machine 144. The machines form a virtual network linked by the Internet or other communications network indicated by network cloud 148. When the recipient or user using client computer 140 clicks on or executes the link, information embedded therein directs the client computer to a server computer 140 on which a data file and user application reside, a thin-client is automatically downloaded to the user, and the application or program associated with the file (typically the application that was used to create it, i.e., the data file's native application) is started on a remote application server computer 142. The specific file designated by the link is then opened by the user application, and the thin-client displays the file on the user's computer 140 within a thin client window which contains the application's graphical user interface. The user is then free to interact with the file as if it were running inside an application running on the user's client PC 140. Alternatively, a remote file on a different remote computer 144 may be accessed by a user application running on server 142.

[0108] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided by which a user, e.g. a remote user, may access a remote document in thin client mode, by accessing a hyperlink to a URL or network location at which an application accessing the remote file may be remotely manipulated and operated. This hyperlink may be referred to generally herein by the generic term Application File Hyperlink, or by the tradename “AppLink™”.

[0109]FIG. 3 is a screen view of one embodiment of a computerized method according to the present invention. A hyperlink according to the present invention may be created in a GUI environment such as that depicted in FIG. 3, showing a screen shot 150 of a GUI allowing a user to create a hyperlink to a server-supported AppLink. Alternatively, a user may create a hyperlink according to the present invention by executing a GUI icon representing the link-creating application, as depicted in FIGS. 3e and 3 f. A client user may create a server application link by specifying a file resident on a local client machine, e.g., client machine 140 or FIG. 2, a server 142, or a remote client machine 144 which may establish from time to time a direct or indirect link to the server 140. A hyperlink to the server-supported application may contain an embedded URL of a server application or protocol which may execute a series of instructions to download middleware, or web-enabling client code, to the machine 140 from which the hyperlink is accessed. In addition, the hyperlink may contain embedded information, or the URL of a protocol file containing information as to the executable code to run on the server 140, as well as a particular data file to open within the executable application being run on the server 140. This application's output may then be sent as a “picture” by the server middleware to a web-enabling client resident on the client local machine 140, as depicted by process 118 of FIG. 1. In other words, upon execution of the hyperlink by a remote client 140, a process will be executed by the server 142 by which a remote client 140 will have a thin-client process loaded onto it, and then access the remote data file, while the native application of the data file runs on the server. The remote user interacts with the server application using middleware server and client components resident on the respective machines. During this process, user application executable code may be downloading as bandwidth permits, as indicted by 122 in FIG. 1.

[0110] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an originator of a document, in creating a server-supported application hyperlink, or AppLink, to a data file such as a “document” file, may specify recipient permissions and other access parameters, such as through a GUI screen as depicted in FIG. 3 as screen 150. In FIG. 3, the originator of a document AppLink may specify, for example, whether a remote client accessing the document may alter the document, selected in pull-down list 151, whether the remote client may save the list locally (pull-down list 152), and whether a password will be required in order to access the data file being linked (check box 153). In addition, and as depicted in the GUI 150 of FIG. 3, the originator may specify whether the AppLink through which the file is being accessed will be subject to an expiration date (check box 154) or a maximum number of accesses (check box 155) and whether the document may be downloaded to a recipient's local computer (check box 156). An alternate embodiment of a suitable AppLink origination screen, with corresponding elements, is depicted in FIG. 3b.

[0111] One advantage of sending this hyperlink to a recipient in an e-mail compared to the alternative of simply including the file as an attachment to the e-mail is that there is no computer virus danger for the recipient. Many viruses are spread via e-mail attachments, and many companies have prohibited all e-mail attachments as a security risk. The thin client software required on the recipient's computer can be a “signed” Java applet, meaning that a central certifying authority has certified the thin client to be virus-free, and this single program is downloaded only once, versus multiple download/run cycles for e-mail file attachments. The application file hyperlink is a way to allow an employee of such a company to view and work with a file without having to receive the file in an attachment, or download it. Another advantage of this method for giving a user the ability to view and work with a file in a server-based application is that the originator can then be sure that the recipient will be able to view and work with the file, regardless of whether the recipient has a program capable of opening that file installed on his or her PC, since a server-based file-compatible application is, in a sense, sent along with the file. Viewing a file regardless of the application used to create it is also the function of ADOBE's PDF document format. With PDF, a PDF file is derived from a document by a conversion utility. This file is then sent as an attachment or download to the recipient, who then views it if he has the PDF viewer installed on his computer. PDF is essentially a “picture” of a document, meaning that the recipient cannot change it. With an application file hyperlink, the recipient has full capability to interact with the file. For example, a spreadsheet may have several embedded “macros” which would be inaccessible to a person viewing a PDF file. Or, a presentation delivered via AppLink can have full animation and sound. With PDF, a file is transferred to the recipient. With AppLink, no file is transferred, and it is not necessary that the recipient have a viewer installed on his machine, although he will need a compatible thin client. Another advantage is that access to data files of arbitrarily large size can be given to the recipient without sending the file itself, and without the necessity of the recipient ever downloading the file. Many Internet Service Providers have file attachment size limits of from one to five megabytes. An application file hyperlink bypasses that limit, since no file is sent. The thin client applet is typically under three megabytes in size. There are emerging numerous file conversion utilities and services which will convert various document formats into HTML, and display the document to the viewer in the form of a web page. This has the advantage of not sending the file to the recipient, but at a cost of removing any functionality from the document. This “HTML-Viewer” technique has problems with “multi-paged” files, such as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with 20 pages.

[0112] Since the file is not sent, the originator of the hyperlink retains control over that data file as implemented and controlled in GUI screen 150. The originator of the hyperlink can set varying permissions to accomplish various goals. The originator can make the file “read-only”, meaning that the recipient can view and work with the file but not change it permanently, e.g., through pull-down menu 152 of FIG. 3. The originator can prevent the file from being saved locally onto the recipient's PC, e.g., through pull-down menu 154. This results in the recipient being able to view and work with a file in native format, but not possess a digital copy of the file, meaning that the recipient cannot copy the file or re-send it to others. Full control of the file remains in the hands of the originator, even after the hyperlink has been sent or accessed. In fact, the originator can change the file after the hyperlink has been sent, unlike simply sending the file itself. For example, the originator can cancel the hyperlink after it has been sent if he changes his mind about the message a file may contain. The originator can specify that a hyperlink will only be active a specified number of times, e.g., through check box 155. If this number is set to ‘one’, for example, the document becomes, in effect, a self-destructing message. The originator can specify that he receive notification each time the hyperlink is accessed, telling him that the file has been viewed or worked with, along with data such as the time it was accessed, and for how long. In contrast, under the prior art simply sending an e-mail attachment tells the sender nothing about whether the attachment was ever viewed by the recipient. The originator can allow the file to be downloaded or prohibit this through checkbox 161 on a radio button pair specify that an originator-specified password be required from the recipient before file access is granted, e.g., through check box 153 and corresponding text box 158, ensuring that the hyperlink is not used by an unknown person. Different passwords could be given to different people, allowing the originator to get notification of which person accessed the file.

[0113] In addition to e-mail, a hyperlink could be included on a web page. Clicking on a link on a financial adviser's web page might bring up a spreadsheet file within the spreadsheet application, with a template for a prospective customer to enter personal information, and perhaps run macros to see how much money the financial adviser could save him if he employs the adviser. This is much more robust and reliable than simply converting a spreadsheet to a web page, since the full functionality of the spreadsheet remains available to the viewer.

[0114] In one embodiment of the present invention, a utility for modifying an application's interface settings as specified by a particular file's metadata is provided. The ability to send someone an AppLink to a file or to share files online using server-based applications turns server-based applications into a means of communication. There is a need, therefore, to modify applications for their new communications role. The application interface which the AppLink or shared file recipient sees will preferably be optimized for the particular purpose that the AppLink sender or file sharer has in mind.

[0115]FIG. 3c is a depiction of an application interface selection interface according to the prior art. Currently, application interface settings can be customized by the individual, but those settings are the same for all documents that person works on. This is depicted in FIG. 3C, which depicts a common existing Application Interface Customization Interface 170. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the ability to associate custom interface settings with each file is provided, by means of file metadata. Such metadata can contain the actual application interface settings for that file, or user-specified metadata “key words”, which point to application settings for all files whose metadata contains those key words. Examples of this type of metadata might be the key words “presentation for customer” or “document for internal use”, etc. Another user accessing the file through an AppLink would be limited to the application interface specified by the author. Multiple interface settings could apply to a single file, if it is used in multiple ways. Multiple interface settings could be linked to the role of the document at the moment, such as “being created or edited”, or “being viewed by a customer”. These settings could also depend on the identity or role of the viewer, such as “document creator”, or “viewer”.

[0116] An example would be an AppLink to a presentation file, such as Microsoft PowerPoint. The file would have metadata which specified that the presentation program presenting the file would have only the presentation playing controls, and no editing controls. Another example which would use the same interface would be if that file was “shared” with a coworker (not AppLinked) for comments, but the creator wanted to reserve making the actual changes to himself. Another example would be the removal of “file>>save” commands for restricted documents. However, the originator of the file would have an interface setting that specified full editing and saving functionality.

[0117] The file application interface settings would be stored in the form of file metadata, which is normally not seen by the user, but can be created or modified when necessary. The metadata could be stored with the file itself or separately in a file metadata database. This file metadata could additionally have an additional association with a person or group, so that when that person or group opens the file, they get a particular interface optimized for that person or group as that general metadata is automatically applied to files that the group member accesses. FIG. 3d is a depiction of a file metadata interface according to the prior art. FIG. 3d depicts the existing File Metadata Interface 180.

[0118] Altering application interfaces according to file metadata or user role may require rewriting the applications to respond to the interface specifications contained in the file metadata. However, there is a method to get this capability immediately by “fooling” the applications with false users, and using existing application interface modification capabilities. By having the file metadata present itself to the application as different users, and then using the application's existing interface modification capability to produce different user interfaces associated with each false user, it will be possible to use the existing personalization features of many programs to achieve different interfaces and functionality, which can then be directed to each user according to the user's permissions or security settings. For example, a file's application interface may have several optimal interfaces, depending on whether it is used in an AppLink, or which user accesses it. Each of those interfaces could be associated with a false user. This may be seen in the following table showing applicable relationships between file usage, the false usemame associated with a particular interface, and the particular interface requirements. “Business Plan.doc” Application Interface Metadata for .doc file Presented to application With These Interface File Usage: as this user: Requirements: AppLink to AppLink CapitalCo. View and window menu CapitalCo. only. Standard toolbar only, with view commands only. Fileshare with Fileshare_UserA All menu and toolbars. UserA Fileshare with Fileshare_UserB All menus and toolbars UserB except the File menu.

[0119] In this way, the various recipients' access to, and control over, the distributed .doc document file can be tightly controlled.

[0120]FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the network of FIG. 2, as perceived by a user according to the present invention. The present invention, in several embodiments, may be used to effect collaborative communications sessions, which may or may not focus on a particular computer file that is the subject of the collaborative effort. In this way, the distributed public network of FIG. 2 may be rendered transparent to the users, to effect a virtual private network akin to that depicted in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 depicts generally a fully interconnected network 190, including a document server 142, and various interconnected remote computers, e.g., remote computers 140 and 144. The users of remote computers 140 and 144, by accessing a central system implementing an embodiment of the present invention, may collaborate by both viewing a computer file open on a central server 142, such as an application server as described elsewhere herein. Users using remote computers 140 and 144 may both view, edit, and comment on a computer file being administered and stored at the central server 142. The location of the file is transparent to the user, and the effect of the collaboration as experienced by the users of remote computers 140 and 144 is akin to the effect of discussing the application on a centralized virtual bulletin board, where each party may post, react, and watch other users' post their own comments and suggested comments.

[0121]FIG. 5 is an interface screen capture of a computerized method according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 depicts a GUI screen 210 according to one embodiment of the subject invention, suitable for notifying the recipient of an server-supported application link as to the status of the data file they may view in thin-client mode as provided by the present invention. Upon clicking on a server-supported application link, or AppLink, which may preferably appear as a standard hyperlink in an e-mail communication or HTML web page as described below, GUI screen 210 is presented to the recipient at computer 146 of virtual thin-client network 190 in FIG. 4. Recipient user operating client machine 140 may access a document stored on server 142, or any other data file residing on a machine of the virtual thin-client network collaboration group 190 when such machine is presently linked through a communication network to server 142. GUI screen 210 of FIG. 5 tells the recipient at machine 140 the name of the data file, e.g., a “Business Plan” word processing document, as indicated at 212, the user application to which the data file is native, e.g., “WORD 95” as indicated at 214. The GUI screen 210 also indicates the originator of the data file, e.g. “Joe User” at 216. The “sender” of the data file corresponds to the data file originator, and this user or registrant operates machine 144 in virtual network 190.

[0122] Other data file parameters to be communicated to the recipient are indicated in GUI screen 210 including size at 218, and a text box 220 to enter an access password, if required by document originator 144 of network 190. The GUI screen 210 may also indicate the parameters of access as shown at 222 of screen 210, a thumbnail view or preview of the data file in its native application at 224, and whether saving has been permitted by the originator, indicated at 226. The recipient of the server-supported application hyperlink may then open the document on server 142 of virtual network 190 of FIG. 4 by executing the Open button 228 of GUI screen 210. Downloading or saving to local machine may be effected by GUI button 230, when enabled by the document originator at machine 144 in FIG. 4. An alternate implementation of a suitable GUI is depicted in FIG. 5b with corresponding elements labeled.

[0123] In an embodiment of the present invention implementing a central customer preference and personalization database, as depicted in FIG. 36, a system is provided to facilitate the delivery by multiple vendors of customized customer services. These services may be tailored to a customer's preferences. The service will preferably utilize a central database of customer personal and preference information. The subject customer may preferably be allowed to review, add to or change any preferences or personal characteristics or interests pertaining to their data record, including customer clothing sizes, preferences in color and style, hobbies, interests, profession, preferences in food and drink, purchase history, assets owned, purchase information, such as shipping address and credit card information. A free text area for entry of free-form information as desired by the customer may be provided as well. The ability of the subject customer to alter data may be limited as necessary to avoid falsification of information which may be relied upon by other parties, e.g., assets and credit information. A central database of the type described would give particular benefits to smaller companies, allowing them access to customer information on a par with the resources of larger companies. As vendors meet customer demand in more and more customized and personally-tailored ways, it may be expected that the customer's increasingly specialized interests will become the province of increasingly specialized, and very likely smaller, companies. The principle barrier to this development is the cost and effort required to acquire information about potential customers by small firMs. This central database may be expected to fulfill this need.

[0124] Vendors of goods and services who subscribe to the central service could access this preference and personalization information to provide personalized solicitation, promotional information, or services to the customer that preferably take into account the customer's preferences. Vendor members may preferably be presented by the service administrator with policies or rules designed to facilitate customer service and reduce the risk of the abuse of customer rights. For example, such policies may preferably include at least the following: Each vendor, as a condition of access to the data acquired by other subscribers, would have to share whatever information it acquires on the customer with any other subscriber to the database, as permitted by law and according to the privacy preferences of the subject customer. Such information may include, for example, a customer's purchase history with the vendor, tracked by the use of a customer-unique identifier such as a scannable card carried by the customer, or a unique customer user name or ID. In order to further ensure the protection of customer privacy, each vendor might preferably allow the customer to view any information it had acquired about the customer, and to allow the customer to delete it if desired. Preferably the customer would not be able to directly modify information, which is prone to result in its falsification or inaccuracy, e.g., credit history information. Each vendor might be entitled, under the terms of the service subscription, to perform its own analyses of the basic data available on various customers, which it may maintain independently without providing the information to other subscribers, thus maintaining each subscriber vendor's incentive to outdo competitors in anticipating the needs of the customer, all to the benefit of participating customers.

[0125]FIG. 4b is a depiction of the general data flows between several groups of entities according to an embodiment of the present invention. As a further condition of subscription, each vendor would preferably have to agree to customer-selected rules regarding how the information is used. For example, a customer might select that no uninitiated contact or solicitation may be made with the customer. Additionally, a customer may preferably specify that a limited number of contacts per year could be initiated from a vendor, or that any contacts pertain to goods or services related to the customer's interests. According to one embodiment of the present invention, these limited number of customer contacts may be put up for bid. The vendor with the highest bid would purchase the right to contact the customer according to these preferences. The proceeds could go to the customer, possibly after payment of a fee to the database administrator, thus providing the customer incentive to become a participant of the database. Companies spend vast amounts now to discover a customer's interests and purchase history. Therefore, it may be anticipated that these companies would be willing to purchase the attention of customers that they know are interested in their products. Further vendor policies or rules that may prove appropriate are that each vendor would have to agree to not release any of the personal information to any third party without the consent of, or according to the preference selections of, the customer. A data flow diagram showing one possible implementation of this embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 4b. Interaction and data flow between a customer group 200, a vendor group 202, and a customer preference database 204 are indicated.

[0126] Access to a customer's personal information could mean that the customer could get personalized service from a vendor that he has never patronized before. For example, a customer that ordinarily patronizes one airline might purchase a first class ticket on another airline for the first time. He could be greeted by the flight attendant with his favorite beverage and newspaper. The meal served would be his favorite. The flight attendant would know that this customer likes to work during flights, and so would not bother him in-flight. These conveniences are likely to interest certain customers, particularly to the extent that the customer is placed in control of the dissemination of the relevant information, as provided according to a preferred embodiment.

[0127] The Customer Access Opportunities as limited by the participating customer, and as generated by a process shown in FIG. 37, may preferably be the subject of a market, arbitrage opportunity, or auction. As each vendor has agreed to customer-designated rules regarding how the information is used, and a customer has specified that a limited number of total contacts per year could be initiated from all vendor database members, the customer contacts afforded by the information within the database make up a scarce and valuable resource that may be treated as such in a market. Any transactions involving the customer information or contact opportunities will preferably be in accord with the customer's optional restrictions on the vendor contacts, such as type of contact permitted, or the subject of contact, as described above. These limited number of customer contacts could be put up for bid by the vendors, as depicted in FIG. 38 . The vendor with the highest bid would purchase the right to contact the customer. The proceeds would go to the customer, subject to a processing fee. These proceeds may be in the form of a cash rebate, discount, or credit towards goods or services of a subscribing vendor.

[0128] The centralized customer database may also be enhanced with the provision of valuable services to potential customers to provide incentive to participate in the database and provide personal information to it. These services would preferably be related to computing and networking, since these services could be delivered with the same type of resources that the database requires; that is, computer servers and network connections. In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, these services could include access to a user's data files and useful productivity software running on a server and remotely delivered to the customer via a thin client to any networked computer he happens to have access to. The services could also include the ability for the user to send AppLinks to recipients as described herein.

[0129] In a representative embodiment of the present invention, an application hyperlink may be used to implement an intellectual property and confidentiality protection program within an organization, providing an effective enterprise-level system for the control and management of Intellectual Property and other sensitive information, for example, employee records, medical records, or other information the access to which must be controlled or monitored. Under the application link made possible by the present invention, and according to an additional embodiment, a file control system is implemented by which no file, sometimes referred to generically here as a “document,” ever enters or leaves an organization without permission. In this embodiment, all internal documents or files are stored in on a central server, and possibly encrypted. Accordingly, the native files are not resident anywhere in the organization on local computers, and, if encrypted, would be unintelligible if accessed directly. Users can fully interact with the documents via thin clients on their local computers.

[0130] The authorized AppLink accesses may be monitored and logged, making it possible to determine at any later time whether any accesses were improper in themselves, or were indicative of prohibited behavior or misconduct as part of a pattern of access. This may be referred to as “prohibitive monitoring”. In addition, “encouragement monitoring” may be effected, by which all accesses can be reviewed to ensure employees have read critical documents such as SOP manuals, policy manuals and procedures, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, not merely the fact of a document or file access is monitored, but because the screen view sent to a remote terminal may be monitored, a log may specifically track whether each relevant portion of a file was displayed for an amount of time consistent with the document being read. The application link of the present invention may also provide a document management and/or archiving system, by which all documents on the central server can be cataloged and searched by author, title, keywords, file numbers, or other relevant fields entered for each document.

[0131] In addition to the control of sensitive documents vis-à-vis employees, the application link of the present invention is preferably implemented in a manner by which the document control, e.g. as part of an IP management system, is extended to outside parties such as contractors or investors. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the application link is paired with an application link e-mail gateway to external parties. The application link e-mail gateway is preferably implemented to interface with several popular e-mail, or SMTP applications, e.g., Microsoft Exchange. The gateway is preferably configured to be consistent with both outgoing and incoming e-mails. The gateway according to the present invention may effect security functions in both outgoing and incoming e-mail. With regard to incoming mail, preferably all attachments contained in e-mails are intercepted by the application link e-mail gateway and stored to a central server. Ingoing message attachments are scanned for possible viruses. A dynamically created AppLink, which could be a URL, pointing to the attachment file on the server is inserted into the e-mail. The e-mail (without the attachment) is then forwarded to the recipient. To view and interact with the attachment via thin client, the recipient clicks on the AppLink and the attachment file is opened in a compatible server-based application.

[0132] For outgoing messages, the file security level is retrieved from the file metadata, as discussed above, and the appropriate restrictions are added to the application link. The recipient clicks on the application link hyperlink and the file is opened with the proper server-based application from the application link e-mail gateway server. The recipient then interacts with the file via thin client. The present invention assures that no files enter or leave an organization without authorization or central control. This is because external users accessing an application link only receive screenshots of the file and application. The file itself never leaves the corporate network, or preferably, the central server itself. Preferably, the application links are created automatically, so that end users do not have to change their behavior (e.g., with regard to sending attachments), and the centralized control afforded by the present invention cannot be defeated. As discussed above, access restrictions and application functionality restrictions can be created automatically based upon the file security level contained in the file metadata. This security level may, in turn, be tied to the sender's or recipient's job title or security clearance, in addition to file-specific criteria. Where multiple restriction criteria apply, the most restrictive choice can be made. For example, normally a document might have minimal restrictions, but because it is being sent to a potential competitor, access is severely limited.

[0133] The central file control afforded by the present invention may be used to effect internal IP control and document control. According to the present invention, an organization or individual may implement document security in a centralized manner. All sensitive files may be stored on one or more central servers. When accessing files, users click on a hyperlink to open the document in the proper application. Each user may be granted a security clearance level, for example, based upon rank, position, department, or other criteria. In addition to the user security level, each file preferably will also have a security level. The combination of the file security level and user security clearance level determine which files are available and the user's level of access. For example the user may or may not be able to edit, save, save as, print, copy, or the like, depending on their access. Similar security classifications may also be effected at the directory, or “folder” level. Directories of the files that are available, based upon the user's security clearance level or department, may be made available to the sending party, or the recipient or accessing party, to determine the files that the recipient may link to. Therefore, the invention will preferably provide for storage navigation tools, e.g., a file manager or the like.

[0134] Preferably, in the event that a recipient does not have proper security classification for a document they are sent, a workflow component would be available for users to request increased access rights to a document from the sender or from another party with a suitable higher clearance level, for example, a supervisor or administrator.

[0135] In a preferred embodiment, efficient document searching is provided by an indexing system. Thus, the document library on the central server would be indexed so that a document may be searched by author, title, keywords, the permitted actions per security level, and the like. The documents in turn may be cataloged by similar or corresponding fields.

[0136] In a file distribution system according to the present invention, no files are ever stored on a user's PC or network access device. Instead, users of the AppLink Document Library only receive decrypted screenshots of the file and application. The file itself is never stored on their network access device/PC. This is linked with a dynamic security model determined by combination of file security level and user security clearance level.

[0137] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the Document Library utility tracks all accesses of documents. All accesses, both internal and external, may be logged to create an audit trail, e.g., in the event of misconduct. This may also be used, for example, to ensure that employees read critical documents, or at least that the documents were accessed for an amount of time that would admit of reading the document. For example, it could ensure that all aircraft mechanics read the latest aircraft maintenance policies and releases.

[0138] For those files and applications for which the user's security admits, files and their native applications can be accessed by a central corporate office, a remote office, employees working from home, and traveling employees. In all cases, full security and encryption measures are in effect, which can be tracked and confirmed, and it may be ensured that derivative copies are not created. In a preferred embodiment, it is also possible that the “Save As” functionality of an application will not allow the user to create a new file, e.g., a document, that will have less restrictive security applications per user security level than the parent file.

[0139] Because the central server is the repository for all files in their native format, all files stored on the central server can be encrypted. In addition, all data, such as files, applications, and screen views of the remotely running application, that are delivered over the network to users can be encrypted. Delivery of files and applications over the network can be accomplished via a middleware environment comprising a middleware web-enabling application, e.g., Tarantella or Citrix, and application servers. Preferably, end-users receive primarily or solely, the screen shots of the document and application, the application executing on a central server. The AppLink security mechanism will interface with existing security approaches including existing or future encryption methods, such as PKI, 3DES, AES, or the like. These encryption methods may be symmetric or asymmetric. The AppLink security will also preferably be compatible with various user authentication or validation methods, including but not limited to passphrases, smart cards, token, fingerprint, retinal scan, or other biometric data.

[0140] Each file has metadata associated with it that specifies the security level of the file. Each user, in turn, has a specified clearance level. The file security level and the user clearance level interact or are compared in order to determine the user's access and privileges with the individual file. Applicable application functionality restrictions may include the following: read/write, read-only, no printing, no editing, no copying, or various other restriction on application functions as applied to the particular file. The restrictions may also be event or time-based, e.g., there may be a restriction that a user may access the file a certain number of times, view until a particular date. The access may also be based on the access location of a remote user, e.g. a user may only access the file from a certain IP address or modem phone number, or conversely, may NOT access the file from certain IP addresses or phone numbers. This may prevent unauthorized access when authentication information is compromised, or during a duress situation, or to prevent applications from being used in countries where export laws prohibit use. In addition to business applications, allowing implementing organizations to ensure the confidentiality of internal or client projects, the present invention also admits of certain military and government applications. For example, the present invention may be used to prevent cases of espionage, or the unauthorized access or downloading of files in excess of one's authority. As another example, documents may be securely maintained on a central server, thus eliminating the problem of a stolen or misplaced laptop, for example, compromising the security of documents on the laptop. In the healthcare arena, the present invention may be used to implement the patient data protections mandated by the HIPAA statute and regulations. Data may be viewed securely by authorized users, without allowing the viewing, downloading, or further transmission of unauthorized patient information, thus aiding in compliance with regulations governing the security of individually-identifiable patient information.

[0141] The App-Link system according to the present invention provides for the creation of an application file hyperlink (or AppLink), which links a remote file and a compatible server-based application, generates a link to the remote file/application combination, and delivers files via server-based applications to a broad range of recipients of the link, including recipients unknown to the sender. Preferably, this access to the remote resources may be provided to other users, particularly remote users, with no registration or sign-up required of the recipient of the AppLink. According to the present invention, this provides a means of communication based on the application and file delivery method.

[0142] One embodiment of a server system that may implement an embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 6 at 610. FIG. 6 is a depiction of the process flows in creation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. According to this embodiment, a local network-connected computer or computing device may serve as an interface to a separate server or server array, which may be generally termed the AppLink Server 602. The AppLink Server 602 may be comprised of a server which operates an AppLink Generation Procedure 604, which following file identification 606 and AppLink property setting 608 accords to the sender's 614 selections, generates at 610 a unique hyperlink designation, e.g., a URL location over an IP network such as the Internet, which is associated with (1) a particular file or document which is stored on the computer, or a file for which the location is known, and (2) a file-compatible server-based application that is the preferred application to be used to open the file. This AppLink can then be transmitted by a sender (which could be the AppLink creator 614) to a recipient by any suitable means 616, including SMTP, IP messaging, embedding a link in a web page, or other communication media, even POTS. When activated at 618 by the recipient 620, the AppLink connects to the AppLink Server 612, which is periodically polling or “listening” for the AppLink's activation over the network 621 depicted by process 622. While the communications are depicted in this embodiment as taking place at least in part in a network environment, e.g. 621, other implementations are possible, e.g., dedicated connections or secure lines.

[0143] The AppLink Server or Server Array 612 will preferably include an application remote-operation enabling middleware program, or application web-enabling program, such as Tarantella™ or Citrix™, along with associated application servers running various operating systeMs. When the AppLink Server “listener” function 622 detects the activation 618 of the AppLink, i.e., the execution of the hyperlink representing the AppLink, it locates the AppLinked file, examines the file's properties at 624, and commands the web-enabling program to begin at 626. This portion of the AppLink Server initially checks at 628 whether the recipient computer has a thin client program which can display the server-based application's GUI to the recipient. If the recipient does not already have the requisite thin client middleware on his computer, the client program is preferably automatically downloaded at 630 and installed on the recipient's computer. Alternatively, the user may be prompted to permit or initiate the download, and optionally designate a target directory for the download's local storage. When or if the recipient has the thin client installed, the web-enabling program then initiates an Application session with the thin client at 632, by commanding a remote application server 634 a, b or c of the AppLink Server Array to start up a file-compatible software application and load the AppLinked file into the application. The web-enabling program initiates a communications link with the thin client program at 636 and displays the GUI for the application to the AppLink recipient. The recipient 620 is then free to view and interact with the file as if it were in a program running on his local computer, albeit according to the restrictions placed on the application by the file's owner or administrator as set at 608.

[0144] AppLink allows the delivery of files and applications to a much broader range of recipients than a normal ASP model which requires recipients to be members of or subscribers to a service. AppLink extends the utility of e-mail and the web to software applications. That is, AppLink makes it as easy to send an application and a file as it is to send a standard SMTP e-mail, or publish a web page. In contrast to application provision of the prior art, the present invention provides a new way to communicate by combining the following elements: An application file hyperlink, or AppLink, is created to a file which, when activated by a recipient, is loaded into a server-based application and presented to the recipient via a thin-client interface. In this manner, the file remains on the server, and control of the file is maintained by the sender. There is no need on the part of the participant to share Compatible Applications. This is in contrast to e-mail attachments of the prior art, in which the recipient needs a compatible application on a local computer in order to open the file. In addition to controlling the capabilities of the recipient with regard to file access and modification, usage of the file can be tracked by the sender. In addition, the present invention admits of a static AppLink even when the document is changed. In other words, the file can be changed at will by the sender, even after sending the AppLink, and the recipient will always see the latest version. An attendant benefit of the present invention is that the recipient of the AppLink is not exposed to a computer virus danger, because the application is running on a remote computer. Only the thin client is running locally. This thin client will preferably be either an installed program, or a “signed” Java™ applet, wherein a central authority certifies the applet's safety and authenticity. A further benefit of the AppLink according to the present invention is that the recipient can immediately work with the file without waiting for the file to download, because the subject file remains on the server. This is of particular benefit when files are very large, and the recipient is using a relatively low-bandwidth connections, say 56 Kbytes/second. According to the present invention, a recipient could be working with the file in seconds after receiving and executing the AppLink. The AppLink also avoids size restrictions that may be imposed on attachments, and generally may be expected in many instances to reduce strain on networks through smaller e-mail payloads, particularly public networks such as the Internet that may suffer from “tragedy of the commons” inefficiencies. Using AppLink, most files can stay where they are in large part. Therefore, the transmission of the entire file is unnecessary and is accordingly eliminated.

[0145] Furthermore, the platform, operating system, or resident applications of the recipient machine are immaterial. The recipient 620 of FIG. 6 could be running on a mainframe, a Unix server, a Microsoft Windows server, or other machine with a compatible thin client. Because all that is required on the recipient's machine is the relatively limited processing power required to run the thin client, the recipient may have virtual access to a relatively vast amount of processing capability—the application could be running on various configurations, for example, a mainframe, e.g., 634 c of FIG. 6, parallel multiprocessor machine, or Unix cluster supercomputer. In fact, preferably both the sender of an AppLink 614 and the recipient 620 may create or execute the AppLink using a networked device with relatively meager computing power, e.g., a Web or Internet appliance device, Personal Digital Assistant, Television Set-Top Box for cable or satellite television, or any other network-connected or other computing device capable of data communication.

[0146]FIG. 7 is a depiction of the temporal process in the creation of an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention. A typical AppLink “life-cycle” 710 according to a representative embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 7, and may proceed as follows beginning with AppLink creation 712: The file to be linked must be identified by the AppLink sender, herein referred to as the AppLink creator 614. FIG. 8 is a depiction of the data flows relating to part of the creation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. Various potential systems admitting of AppLink creation are depicted in FIG. 8. AppLink creation paths are depicted generally at 810. This may be, for example, the owner of the file, or another party with designated rights permitting distribution of the file to others. The application that will open the file must be identified by the AppLink Server. A unique AppLink identifier giving the network location of the AppLink data, for example, a URL or network location, must be generated. The AppLink data would include, at a minimum, the file location. It could also include information about compatible locations, or that could be determined by a software algorithm at the time of AppLink activation. At this time, the creator may be prompted for recipient file access and modification permissions, and may select a default permissions set according to or derived from the creator's permissions to the file, or according to the creator's personal preference default AppLink permissions. The creator may be prompted to specify limits on duration or accesses to the file. The AppLink properties may include restrictions on all recipients, or on specific recipients. It could include restrictions on Recipient Session parameters, such as a limit on the number of accesses by a specific recipient; a time limit on any single or a single access session, a limit on identified recipient individual session time, or a limit on identified recipient total multisession time. Alternatively, the AppLink automatic termination may be based on AppLink Termination Criteria, such as an AppLink termination date; a termination time period; a total number of accesses reached; or termination if another server-recognizable event occurs. Similarly, AppLink usage tracking criteria may be designated and activated. Settable AppLink properties pertaining to access tracking may include, but are not limited to, recordation and/or notification of: each individual access or given number of accesses; the ID data of each accessor; the time of access of one recipient or the consolidated or average access time of a group of recipients; the AppLink session time; the file access and/or manipulation details; or the interaction playback of a recipient session.

[0147] Settable AppLink properties may alternatively, or in addition, be defined in terms of, or depend upon, Recipient Identification Options or Requirements. For example, prior to AppLink access, either at the point of thin client polling, thin client delivery, or file access via the AppLink and Application Server, Recipient identification may be required and/or tested, and the AppLink session may be terminated if identification fails. Suitable identification requirements include, but are not limited to, requirement of a digital signature, for example, that is tested against a certificate authority; requirement of a specific IP address set or prohibition of an IP address set, which may be down to any level of decimal bit or octet specificity, or of network or host specificity; requirement of a password, which may be linked to a user name; requirement of http authentication; or requiring an e-mail address and receipt of a confirming e-mail.

[0148]FIG. 9 is a depiction of the data flows relating to the transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. Following the creation 712 of the AppLink as described above, the AppLink network location, or URL, can be communicated as shown at 616 in FIG. 6 to a recipient 620 by, for example, and as detailed in FIG. 9, including it in an e-mail 912, i.e., an SMTP transmission, such as in an e-mail either as a hyperlink or hyperlinked graphic, or embedding it in a web page 914, e.g., providing a hyperlink or hyperlinked graphic within a web page viewable by the recipient. Other ways in which the AppLink may be transmitted to a recipient include communicating it via fax 916, a POTS telephone message or page 918 or face-to-face conversation, or any other means of communication 920, including surface mail, media broadcast or dedicated line. The user interface for creation of the AppLink is preferably implemented as a web-based form generated by the AppLink Server depicted in FIG. 3 and 3 b above. Returning to FIG. 8, this web-based form 812 is used to communicate with the AppLink Server 602. Alternatively, a native program 814 capable of creating and/or receiving and viewing AppLinks may be resident and executed on the sender's local computer 614, as a part of an e-mail program, as a web browser plug-in 816 or a standard feature built into the browser, or as a component of the sender's local computer operating system. More broadly, the AppLink creator can use various means to communicate with the AppLink Server and create the AppLink. The recipient's thin-client can be made accessible to the recipient in various ways. A Java Applet or other download-and-run program could be downloaded just before use if the recipient does not yet have a compatible thin client available on his local computer. A software company may want to make a thin client an intrinsic part of a web browser or operating system, as shown at 818, in order to help ensure that its thin client design enjoys wide currency. A company might want to make the thin client a part of the circuitry of the client computing device for performance purposes, also helping to ensure that it cannot be easily changed by the user to the thin client offered by another company.

[0149] The AppLink executable may also be implemented over the operating system kernel as a component or feature of the operating system. At the recipient's end, the thin client may be implemented as, for example, a Java Applet or other program downloaded just before first use. Alternatively, the executable may be an installed native program optimized for or at least compatible with the user's operating system. The thin client may even be implemented as a feature, utility, or shell included with a computer's operating system. In an alternative embodiment that may be expected to increase the efficiency of the AppLink thin-client, and reduce overhead and make the thin-client nature of the file more transparent, the thin-client may be implemented in hardware on the recipient's computer 620. This may be expected to provide an optimized and very fast thin client. The thin client may also be implemented in multiple concurrent ways, preferably designed to be selected according to performance priority rules or user preferences as depicted in FIG. 10, at 1010, and in FIG. 10b. FIG. 10 is a depiction of the process flows relating to part of activation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10b is a depiction of the process flows relating to another part of the activation of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. For example, the AppLink Server could look first, at 1012, for a compatible hardware implementation of the thin client in the recipient's computer, then for one embedded in the operating system, 1012 a then for a native application 1012 b for one embedded into the web browser 1012 c, or as a web browser plug-in 1012 d, then for one installed as a signed Java Applet 1012 e. If it found none of these, it could initiate a download of a Java Applet Thin Client to the recipient's local computer at 1014. Alternatively, an AppLink Server might select a thin client based on the creator's restrictions on recipient capabilities. For example, an AppLink Server might download and use a Java thin client which has capability “toggles” as described in another embodiment of this invention, rather than use an already-installed native client which cannot be restricted.

[0150] The recipient of an AppLink such as that of the alternative e-mail formats of FIGS. 11a and 11 b, following reception, must activate or execute the link at 714, for example, if the link is a URL, by clicking on it with a cursor or otherwise executing the link, e.g., by pasting it into a browser target address field. The AppLink Server must detect the link activation at 1016, and after confirming that the AppLink is active 1018 poll the recipient's device at 1012 to detect whether a compatible thin-client application, applet, or other executable is resident on the recipient's computer. If not, a compatible thin client will be downloaded 1020, for example, after prompting for authorization and target directory from the recipient at 1022. The AppLink server will then initiate at 1024 a thin client session with recipient 620. The AppLink Server may then itself, or may direct an Application Server also remote from the recipient, to open a file-compatible application, and open the file in the application at 1026. The recipient will interact at 1028 with the file through the application user interface, as presented graphically to the recipient by the thin client executable.

[0151] The AppLink may be terminated in several ways at 1030. For example, as mentioned, automatic termination criteria could have been established by the AppLink creator, such as a specified duration. The AppLink could be deactivated by the creator at any time, or the AppLinked file could be moved, deleted, or destroyed. Following termination, a recipient clicking on an inactive AppLink may, according to the preferences of the creator, be presented with an explanatory “AppLink Not Active” message as depicted in FIG. 11c, perhaps giving reasons or expiration information if specified or authorized by the creator, rather than an unadorned 404 or similarly uninformative error.

[0152]FIG. 11a is a depiction of a screen view relating to the transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11b is a depiction of a screen view relating to an alternate manner of transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, a system is provided for managing and tracking the accesses to an AppLink. For example, a log of AppLink access data could be kept by the AppLink server. This may preferably be reviewed by the creator at any time, or made available according to the subscription level of the creator.

[0153] Preferably, a system according to the present invention may provide an interface to change an AppLink's permissions at any time after creation, for example, by extending a “drop-dead” time. FIG. 11c is a depiction of a user interface screen capture relating to an unavailable link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0154] Following termination, a recipient clicking on an inactive AppLink may, according to the preferences of the creator, be presented with an explanatory “AppLink Not Active” message as depicted in FIG. 11c, perhaps giving reasons or expiration information if specified or authorized by the creator, rather than an unadorned 404 or similarly uninformative error.

[0155]FIG. 12 is a depiction of a process flow relating to the creation of a guest account for access to application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 12, the recipient of an AppLink will preferably be granted access to a temporary guest account created upon execution of the AppLink at 1212, following AppLink execution 1210. Alternatively, multiple guest account may be created in advance and assigned to specific AppLinks as they are activated. The AppLinked file may be copied from server-accessible storage at 1216 into the guest account 1218, and a compatible application may then open the copied file in the guest account. The creation of guest accounts for AppLink recipients may be expected to create a more secure system than the alternative of opening the AppLinked file within the account of the sender, with restrictive “guest” file access permissions, as depicted in FIG. 39, although this alternative can be advantageous for collaboration since it facilitates the AppLink sender viewing a document altered by a recipient, because it is contained in his account's readily accessible data storage. Since AppLinks can be transmitted to a broad range of recipients, some of whom might not be known to the sender or particularly trusted, security is vital. Accessing an AppLink with a “dummy” user account rather than directly from the AppLink creator's account (with file access restrictions, of course), the damage which an unscrupulous, “hacker” AppLink recipient could do may be restricted. For example, there would be no way for such a recipient to access or delete other files contained in an AppLink sender's service account. The temporary guest account may be automatically deleted 1220 upon termination of the session 1222.

[0156] A system implementing the present invention will also preferably permit encryption of the AppLink locator link prior to transmission to the recipient. In fact, the AppLinked program may itself be an encryption/decryption program. A suitable scheme for implementation of encryption is shown in FIG. 13. FIG. 13 is a depiction of process flows relating to the encrypted transmission of an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. This would allow various items to be encrypted prior to being sent to the recipient. A recipient could be sent the encryption program URL, plus a password to access the encryption program, and/or a key to decrypt and encrypt files with the AppLinked encryption program. Then the recipient could be sent multiple encrypted files either as an AppLink to an encryption program that has file access to encrypted files, or as an e-mail attachment or via FTP, and could use the AppLinked encryption program to decrypt and view the files. Or the recipient could be sent encrypted AppLink URLs or AppLink passwords, and could use the AppLinked encryption program to decrypt the AppLink or AppLink passwords. In this manner, the present invention allows a single insecure transmission of a password to the recipient, who could then use it to decrypt and view files or AppLink URLs or AppLink passwords. The earlier described advantages of the present invention accrue to this embodiment as well, i.e., ensuring that the file is compatible with the program. In this case, both the decryption program and the program used to view an encrypted file are assured to be compatible with the encrypted file.

[0157] The present invention may also be implemented via an AppLink creator's own Internet-connected computer, with the creator's machine performing the functions of an AppLink Server and Application Server. In order for this implementation to be transparent to the recipient, this computer will preferably remain connected to the network at all times. Accordingly, ISPs and website hosting services, as well as entities or individuals maintaining their own internet servers, may in many cases implement this capability almost immediately. In the situation in which an AppLink incorporates a file not resident on the AppLink Server, e.g., the file is stored on a different Network-connected computer or data storage device than the AppLink Server, the AppLink Server preferably will record the location of the file at the time the AppLink is created, and will use a system to open it from that location, or it will upload a copy of the file to the AppLink Server. Preferably, an Application Server must be able to access the file being AppLinked in order to open and run it within an appropriate server-based application. If it is not stored on server-accessible data storage, the file must be capable of being opened from its current location, or uploaded onto the Application Server prior to the file being loaded into the AppLink application.

[0158] While in a representative embodiment of the subject invention, an AppLink is provided to a particular file native to an application, the present invention also permits of an AppLink to a specific application program rather than to a particular file. An AppLink to an application would allow the recipient to use the server-based application to create a new file, or just try it out, perhaps as part of an application demonstration. When combined with some sort of “Metafile System” as described herein, this would allow a user to aggregate applications together regardless of their source, perhaps from different vendors.

[0159] A single AppLink may be hyperlink to a number of different files, such as a group of files relevant to a project. Suitable ways of implementing a multiple file AppLink include but are not limited to the following: A multi-file AppLink could simply bring the recipient to a web page that then has multiple links, one for each file. The recipient would then click on each individual link to view each file. Alternatively, a multi-file AppLink would open each file in its own application window all at once when it is activated. In yet another embodiment, depicted in the flow diagram of FIG. 36, a computer GUI “desktop” style interface is sent, rather than a particular file. The desktop-style work area may contain links to the relevant files within that GUI desktop. The linked “Computer GUI Desktop” work area, could be, for example, a Windows Desktop or a Linux Gnome or Linux KDE Desktop. In a more specific embodiment, the AppLink Server may link to a web-enabled “Computer GUI Desktop” which contains access links to a specific file or files and to file-compatible applications, the AppLink is a link to one or more files in a Desktop. This embodiment of sending a file or files within a GUI desktop makes possible links that would otherwise be impracticable. For example, with some programs, such as Adobe Photoshop™ or the Linux GIMP image editing program, the program works with multiple windows, which can be minimized, moved, and resized, and serve various specialized functions, for example as tool and color palettes. Multiple windows cannot readily be web-enabled by existing web-enabling applications. Also, those web-enabling applications have some limitations on window sizes. For example, the Tarantella™ web-enabling application does not have infinitely resizable application windows for Microsoft Windows applications; it is limited to fixed, preset application window sizes (such as 800×600) as set by the Tarantella administrator. However, if Tarantella is used to web-enable a GUI desktop, then within the desktop any application windows are infinitely resizable. Also, all the advantages of a GUI desktop then become available to an AppLink recipient. For example, the Linux Gnome or KDE desktop has “virtual desktops,” which extend the working area of the user's screen up to 32-fold. An application that is web-enabled directly, rather than within a GUI desktop, will typically have a working area limited to the application window size.

[0160] In FIG. 35, at an appropriate point in the AppLink creation process 3501, the creator is presented with choices on how to present the files and applications. As indicated by 3502, he may create a completely new “guest” desktop 3508, or use one that he has already created. Such a guest desktop will have a completely separate data storage account, but one that the AppLink creator may populate by moving or copying files to and adding links to applications, as in 3503. He may then create an actual AppLink or network address or URL at 3504. Yet another alternative approach is shown in 3512, which is tantamount to giving a user access to your entire computer desktop, but with restricted permissions 3513, for example read-write permission only on the file the AppLink creator wishes to collaborate on, and no read permission for any other file. Alternatively, after deciding that a file or series of files would be best presented to a recipient in a guest desktop 3509, the AppLink creator may want to have the guest desktop automatically created for him, as shown in 3511. Or he may decide that a simpler “multiple file AppLink” 3510 would be more appropriate, wherein each file is presented to the user in a dedicated application window 3515. After the creator has decided on a method of file and application presentation, the AppLink is transmitted 3505, and the recipient clicks on it 3506. The AppLink Server starts running the appropriate GUI desktop in an application server, in this case a Linux server, since the desktop depicted 3508 is a Linux Gnome desktop. This desktop is delivered to the recipient via a thin client 3507. 3514 depicts the overall process of selecting the mode of file-application presentation.

[0161] In another embodiment of the present invention, the ability to create an AppLink to a computer “GUI Desktop” which is running on a remote application server allows that desktop to be used as a Web Portal Home Page, as shown in FIG. 43. This “GUI Desktop” 4301 could preferably include one of the open source Gnome or KDE desktops for Linux, since the required code is open to public access and free of charge, or one of the Microsoft Windows desktops (win 95, 98, Me, 2000, etc).

[0162] Personalized “home” pages, an example of which is shown in 4302, as generated by major web portals such as Yahoo™ have evolved over time to contain various features, including personalized news, weather, stock quotes, email, an instant messenger application, calendars, and file storage. These functions, although generally well designed, are limited by the functionality of the various web page languages such as HTML and JavaScript. If an entire web page refresh is not to occur every time a viewer initiates an action, JavaScript or it's equivalent must be written into the page itself to anticipate such an action and have instructions for generating a response. It is impossible to write into a web page with Javascript the full functionality of a standard software application. Therefore, these web page functions are limited in functionality and poorly performing compared to native software applications. Also, generally a web page is a static thing, with the content unchanging until a user initiates a web page “refresh”. With a (probably password-protected) AppLink to a computer's “GUI Desktop” work area, all of these limitations can be overcome. Applications can be fully-fledged programs, such as the Microsoft Outlook™ email program, rather than glorified web-based forms. Current events can be streamed to the user real-time by the program without refresh. Plus the Desktop can run major applications which have no HTML equivalent. The desktop can be customized by the user to a far greater extent than can the HTML version, as can be easily seen in FIG. 45.

[0163] There will often be a need to change the document or file associated with an AppLink after the link is created. FIG. 14 is a depiction of process flows relating to dynamic changing of file accessed by an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. Because the AppLink is server-based, it can be changed anytime, and the person viewing it always views the latest version. According to the instant invention, there are provided multiple ways to change the AppLinked file associated with a particular already-created AppLink, without changing the AppLink network address, exemplary ways being depicted in FIG. 14. One is to change the contents of the file without changing the file name, as shown by 1402 and 1405. Another is to change which file is associated with an AppLink after the AppLink has been created, i.e., a different file can be associated with a previously-generated AppLink URL or address after the AppLink has been created, as in 1401 and 1404. This would be useful when getting the AppLink into the hands of its intended recipients is expensive or time-consuming, or when the sender does not know who has received an AppLink.

[0164] An example of this would be the case where a number of people (unknown to the AppLink creator), after viewing an AppLink embedded in a web page, have added an AppLink URL to their web browser bookmark list. It would be impossible to send a new URL to these people. Similarly, a web-based newsletter publisher could send a single AppLink to his subscribers, instead of sending the subscribers a different AppLink every month. Each month he would associate that AppLink with a different document, that is, the latest newsletter, as depicted by 1401 in FIG. 14. He could cascade down the files associated with each AppLink, and label them accordingly. For example, the AppLink labels could be “current month's newsletter”, “last month's newsletter”, etc. In addition to dynamic file which can be accessed in their current state, the present invention also admits of a snapshot embodiment, by which a recipient may be presented with a file as it existed at a particular time in the past, even if the master file has been changed during that time. This embodiment is shown at 1403 and 1406, and is further depicted in FIG. 15. FIG. 15 is a depiction of a process flow relating to a file presented as static accessed by an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0165] Preferably, the AppLink utility of the present invention will provide settable variables, by which the AppLink sender or creator has the ability to set and change conditions associated with an AppLinked file (for example, file access and usage permissions), or any other variable (for example, the degree to which the AppLink usage will be monitored), for example, to facilitate protection of the AppLink creator's intellectual property (the AppLinked file). This ability to attach various conditions or enable various features for AppLinks is a central advantage that AppLinking has over other file transmission and access systems. The settable variables may depend on other criteria as well, by which any Settable AppLink Variable may be set and varied, for example, according to the specific identity of the recipient or the nature of the file, or whether the recipient is a member of a specific group of users, the recipient's location or country, as identified by his IP address, or any other relevant criteria. AppLink notification properties may be set as follows: The sender may be notified or not, and if notified, notification may be effected, for example, by e-mail/SMTP message, computer instant message, POTS call, voice mail, or pager alert. The notification may include access details as to recipient, access password used, time or occurrences of access, or the like.

[0166] AppLink restrictions on recipient actions may include the following: allow (or disallow) local printing; screen capture/print; local file save; AppLink server file save (modify base document); or allow/disallow local download. The settable variables may involve one or more of the following AppLink or file attributes, which may vary according to the degree of trust placed in the recipient, whether all recipients are known, the degree of sensitivity of the file, and the like. For example, variables may involve printing—the recipient may be allowed to print the file locally, in the case of a trusted recipient, or for an untrusted recipient, no printing is allowed. Similarly, the recipient may be allowed to use the “Print-Screen” capability of the local PC to print a screenshot of the file locally (trusted recipient) or not (untrusted recipient). The recipient may or may not be permitted to save the file locally or copy to a PC “clipboard” or similar memory utility. This ability to prevent saving and printing may be expected to enhance the ability of the AppLink creator to protect any intellectual property or security of the AppLinked file by restricting copying and redistribution. In addition to setting restrictions on local saving of the AppLinked file, the creator will also preferably be able to specify whether downloading to the recipient's machine is permitted. This may be distinguished from the saving variable discussed previously, i.e., saving from the server-based application. When downloading is enabled, a link to a simple file download utility may be permitted. Downloading a file and opening it with an application running on the AppLink recipient's local PC is for many purposes inconsistent with the AppLink system. However, this download option will ensure file accessibility, as a backup system, if the sender was uncertain about whether the recipient could operate the required thin-client, perhaps due to the recipient being behind an incompatible firewall, or the recipient possibly accessing the AppLink from a computing device that has no thin client support at the time. The download capability would ensure that the recipient would get the file, albeit at the cost of losing control of it, and losing the certainty of whether the recipient could open it in a compatible application. Therefore, the AppLink creator would have to balance the need to ensure the AppLink recipient gets access to a file with the requirement to retain control of a file. Naturally, this option would only be given to trusted AppLink recipients. Other variables include the capability to Save Changes onto the AppLink Server, i.e., whether the AppLink recipient may change the document permanently and save the changes on the server. This may be among the variable settings “read-write” permissions to a trusted recipient, or “read only” permissions to an untrusted recipient.

[0167] Restrictions and other characteristics associated with a particular AppLink as outlined above can be implemented at the time of AppLink creation or at any time thereafter via a series of AppLink “properties”. As shown in FIG. 40, these options could be presented to the AppLink creator at the time of creation as a series of questions, as depicted for intellectual property protection 4001 and access notification 4002, and in FIG. 40B for recipient identification options 4003 and usage tracking 4004, and for recipient session limits 4005 and AppLink termination criteria 4006 in the flow diagram of FIG. 40C. At the conclusion of the property setting phase of AppLink creation, the process 4007 will record the results, associate them with the created AppLink, and continue the creation process.

[0168] AppLink properties would be set initially as a “best guess”, probably most restrictive, configuration. The AppLink creator would modify these properties during the first creation process, and any modifications would then be implemented automatically for subsequent AppLinks. Additionally, the AppLink creator may modify the properties of existing AppLinks at any time.

[0169] A method to implement AppLink recipient restrictions may be provided which may be termed Thin-Client “Toggles,” these are depicted in FIG. 16. FIG. 16 is a depiction of process flows relating to the control of client capabilities for an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention. This may be thought of as a “catch-all” access control variable. Because the thin client is the vehicle by which the application interacts with the AppLink recipient's local computer, some settable AppLink Variables, including recipient file permissions, can be done by building in APIs into the thin client termed “toggles” herein, which allow certain capabilities to be toggled on or off remotely by the AppLink Server. According to this variable, the thin client has built-in software “toggles” or APIs, which can be controlled remotely by the AppLink Server. These “toggles” control the recipient's local capabilities, including but not limited to the variables that have been discussed above, such as local file printing, save to local memory or “clipboard”, save to local storage, or saving file changes onto the AppLink Server. Such toggles could be set by the AppLink server according to file permissions, recipient permissions, or both. These toggles may also be set or changed following the initial AppLink transmission, according to changed circumstances, by the AppLink creator. The toggle capability of an embodiment of the present invention is depicted in process flow diagram of FIG. 16, indicated generally at 1610. As shown, after an AppLink is activated 714 by the recipient, the AppLink server may examine the scheduled or specified properties of the AppLink at 1612. Following this assessment, the server-based application may be started on the Application Server as indicated at 1614. Approximately concurrently, the specific AppLink properties at 1616 are examined, in this instance that printing and local save will not be permitted, but a local memory “clipboard” copy will be permitted, indicated at 1618. The appropriate functions are then disabled, from the perspective of the user, as indicated at 1620, by acting on the recipient's thin client. The appropriate restrictions on the recipient user's capability are implemented in the thin-client environment, indicated at 1622.

[0170] As an alternative, the actual implementation of some settable AppLink Variables, including recipient file permissions, can be done through interacting with “toggles” or APIs to the on-line application that opens the file, as depicted generally in the flow diagram of FIG. 41. An AppLink is activated by the recipient 4101. The AppLink Server 4102 examines the AppLink properties 4103 or recipient properties for any restrictions on recipient access. If that application has no “print” capability, perhaps through deleting the “print” command from the file menu by activating a “no print” software “toggle”, as shown in 4104, then the AppLink recipient cannot print locally as shown by 4106, even if the thin client 4105 otherwise has the capability to let the application do so. This is a very specific instance of the more general, “Application Interface Specified by File Metadata” embodiment. This is very similar to the flow for thin client “toggles”.

[0171] As a third alternative, rather than changing the toggles of the thin client environment as at 1610, the toggles may be implemented so as to act on the Application Server directly. The thin client then functions normally with full functionality, and does not effect the disablement of any feature or function. Since the AppLink Server is the middleware that transmits data from the application servers to the thin client, a way to implement restrictions on AppLink recipient capability is to use the AppLink Server to not allow a prohibited function to be transmitted from the server-based application to the application or thin client.

[0172] In addition to application or thin client software capability “toggles”, another way to achieve the same capability of limiting an AppLink recipient's file permissions is through Application Versioning, i.e., to create different versions of the thin client or application that have varying capabilities. FIG. 17 is a depiction of process flows relating to an alternate manner of control of client capabilities for an application link according to one embodiment of the present invention, showing a typical implementation of such a process. For example, if an AppLink recipient should not be able to print an AppLinked file, the specific thin client or application version downloaded would have this capability deleted. This procedure is indicated generally at 1710. The AppLink may call different versions of a thin client or on-line application which have varying capabilities for interacting with or manipulating a file. For example, application versions without certain key command menu items, such as “print”, “save”, or “copy” may be created prior to AppLink activation, and specified as the application that should be used to open the file upon AppLink use. For example, as depicted in FIG. 17, following activation of the AppLink at 714, the AppLink Server Array may examine the creator-specified AppLink properties at 1712. Based on these specifications, the server-based native application is selected that has functions corresponding to the specifications. In this example, native application “A” v. 3 is selected at 1714, which provides the appropriate functionality that the recipient can neither print, save locally, copy to the clipboard, or edit the file, per the specifications examined at 1712. The commands otherwise included in the application user interface may be “greyed out,” or omitted entirely. The thin client passes on at 1716 all of the functionality provided by the application version selected at 1714, which in this case is limited. Similarly, specific Thin Client versions could be created that disable or omit the capability to print locally, or to access local storage of the AppLink recipient's local machine. The specific version of thin client or application (or both) chosen by the AppLink Server to present an AppLinked file would be based on the AppLink recipient file permissions, as set by the AppLink creator.

[0173] In a further embodiment of the present invention, variable color depth or other variation in resolution is provided for the thin client based on the bandwidth and/or data transmission speed of the connection that the thin client machine maintains with the central server. According to this embodiment, the number of colors per pixel (color depth), and other display resolution parameters, used in a computer's thin client display (which displays the remote application's GUI) is varied or controlled automatically, based upon the server-measured bandwidth or data transmission speed between the application server and the thin client, or both in combination. As the value of measured bandwidth is increased, a higher number of colors could be used by the display without affecting performance as perceived by the user. The measurement of bandwidth could be done initially upon beginning a thin client session, to establish the screen resolution for the entire session, or continuously or at intervals throughout the session to provide the thin client user with the best screen image/performance combination. If the data transmission time between the server and the thin client increases, the number of colors per pixel could be reduced to reduce the amount of data flow. The monitoring of data transmission time, or latency could be done initially or continuously or at intervals throughout the session, but preferentially continuously or at short intervals due to data latency's greater variance over time than bandwidth. An increase above a certain “threshold” latency would cause colors to be reduced in order to reduce the latency time. In a preferred embodiment, this color or other display resolution may be manually selected by the thin client user in the event that the user perceives that the performance of the thin client display is lacking, e.g., there is an obtrusive time delay between their input and the reflection of their input in the thin-client display.

[0174] User-perceived performance is the reaction of the application to the user's inputs to the thin client. The user's input (such as typing a key) must be sent from the thin client to the application server, then the server must reflect that in the application (the letter must be implemented in the application environment), then the new screen image or portion thereof must be sent to the thin client. When this cycle becomes noticeably long, the perceived performance is degraded in the eyes of the user. This cycle is determined by two factors: Bandwidth and data transmission speed or latency. Bandwidth is the amount of data which can be transmitted in a certain time period. It is typically measured in kilobytes per second. Transmission speed or latency is the time data takes to get from point to point, in this case from the server to the thin client. Bandwidth varies over the time of a thin client remote application session, but typically not by a large percentage. Transmission latency can vary dramatically, however.

[0175] The number of colors for computer displays are typically powers of 2 which are referred to as “bits”. Common numbers of colors are 16 (2^ 2, or 2-bit), 256 (2^ 8, or 8-bit color, also known as Video Gate Array, or VGA), 65,536 (2^ 16, or 16-bit, also known as hi-color), and 16.7 million (2^ 24, or 24-bit color). Going from 8-bit color to 16-bit color means doubling the amount of image data. Example: At a screen size of 640 pixels×480 pixels, the screen image has 307,200 pixels. One byte equals 8 bits. At 8 bits (or 1 byte), the image requires 307,200 bytes, or 307 kbytes (Kb). At 16 bits (or 2 bytes), the image requires 614,400 bytes, or 614 Kb. At 24 bits (or 3 bytes), the image requires 921,600 bytes, or 921 Kb.

[0176] These characteristics lend themselves to a two-stage optimum color depth calculation as depicted in FIG. 18. FIG. 18 is a depiction of process flows relating to a dynamic client display according to one embodiment of the present invention. Initially color depth may be set based on the bandwidth as indicated generally at 1810. Then as indicated generally at 1820 latency may be monitored, and depth either reduced or increased as at 1822 in an inverse relation to the measured latency. In other words, if more latency is observed, a lower color depth is set. The screen image is a large part of the data which is sent to the thin client. Incorporating bandwidth in addition to latency, as shown generally at 1830, if the bandwidth to the client is limited as measured at 1832, or if data transmission speeds are limited as indicated by 1834, better user-perceived performance can be achieved if the amount of data in that image is lower. As a general proposition, latency levels of approximately 200 milliseconds round trip (pressing the key and seeing the letter appear) are perceptible to users. Above this level, reducing the color depth at 1836 in order to achieve lower latency times will result in a less obtrusive latency time.

[0177] If, due to changed circumstances, or otherwise at the discretion of the AppLink creator and/or file owner, it is desired to further restrict the access to a file associated with an already created and sent AppLink, the AppLink creator or sender can inactivate the AppLink after it has been sent. AppLink inactivation may also be done automatically, i.e., the creator or sender can have the AppLink Server inactivate an AppLink automatically according to an expiration condition or criteria. Example criteria might be, but are not limited to, the following: The passage of a specific time period, a specific date, a specific number of total accesses to an AppLink for all AppLink recipients or for a particular recipient, or the occurrence of some (any) event which can be recognized by the AppLink server, or which the AppLink server can be notified of via external input. The AppLink creator or sender may alternatively set a limit on AppLink file access time, either by individual session, in total, or both; for all AppLink recipients or for a particular recipient. For example, to protect intellectual property, the AppLink session could be limited in time, thus not providing the recipient with sufficient time to copy the information by hand. Normally, this limitation would be associated with allowing the recipient a single AppLink access, otherwise, the recipient could simply access the AppLink multiple times to allow sufficient access over several sessions. Or, if the total session time were limited, then the number of accesses would be irrelevant, since the time of access for each session would be added to that of previous sessions until the limit is reached.

[0178] According to the present invention, an AppLink is capable of being used in an anonymous mode, that is, unknown users can be given access to applications and files, as where an AppLink is published in a web page. However, because the AppLinked file remains on the AppLink server, using AppLinking for file transmission or communication can protect the sender's Intellectual Property or other confidential information (the AppLinked file) from being appropriated in unauthorized ways, IF it is combined with the ability to restrict access to an AppLinked file to authorized recipients. The authorized recipient could be identified by various systems, including requiring entry of a recipient's name, a particular password, a digital signature, or an e-mail address that is authenticated to prevent spoofing. For example, after e-mail entry, a password could be e-mailed to the recipient's e-mail address to ensure that the e-mail address is valid. Similarly, a particular recipient could be restricted to accessing the AppLink from a particular IP address. An AppLink recipient may also be required to perform an action or give certain Sender-specified information via a web-based form or a server-based application (such as spreadsheet or database data entry template) in order to gain access to the AppLink. For example, the recipient may need to give their name and address, or authenticating information such as answers to specific questions posed by sender. This action or information entry may also be made optional by the AppLink creator.

[0179] While an AppLink is capable of being used in an anonymous mode, the AppLink sender may want to restrict access to a file to one or more particular individuals, and may want to track that individual's usage of a file. That recipient could be identified by giving the recipient a unique password, which is linked to the recipient's name by the AppLink Server. In one embodiment of the present invention, the AppLink creator may link a password to a particular entity, e.g., a natural person or company, etc., which then allows the sender to identify the use of the AppLink by that entity. When the password is used to access an AppLink, the user knows that it is probably the entity he sent the password to that has accessed the AppLink. For example, the AppLink sender associates the password XXYY to access a particular AppLink with John Smith. The sender then transmits the password to Mr. Smith. He associates the password 1122 to access the same AppLink with Mary Jones. Someone accesses the AppLink using password XXYY. The sender can therefore be reasonably sure that it was Mr. Smith, even though the access was otherwise anonymous.

[0180] Other authentication methods may be implemented according to the present invention. For example, the recipient may enter a password to the AppLink Server prior to AppLink access via the HTTP authentication protocol. A Recipient Digital Signature may also be used, wherein a particular recipient must be identified by the AppLink Server by their valid and unrepudiated Digital Signature prior to AppLink access. Identification of an AppLink Recipient may also proceed by restricting access to an AppLink to certain recipient IP or IPv6 addresses, or other suitable network location indicia.

[0181] In an alternate embodiment, a software algorithm may be implemented to select the appropriate application to open a file within an AppLink, based on appropriate criteria, which could include but is not limited to: recipient ownership of application user rights to possible application choices; any license agreements for possible application choices including but not limited to end-user agreements and service provider agreements; and application file compatibility, or which file types possible application choices can open. When an AppLink is sent to a recipient, the selection of the server-based application to open the file depends on server-based application software license terms. Many end-user software license agreements contain the limitation that it cannot be used by more than one person at a time, thus losing potential sales. If a user sends an AppLink which requires an application which has such a license, one way to comply with that license provision is to ensure that the recipient has the right to use that application also. Before the application is presented to the recipient, if the algorithm had access to an AppLink Recipient Application Rights Database, it could be verified that the recipient owns or is renting the application or otherwise has rights to use the application. If the recipient did not have rights to use that application, the AppLink application selection algorithm could search for another application which had terms that allow that user to use the application. Such terms could include applications licensed by the application service provider on a “per seat” basis, that is, not assigning rights to individual users, but, for example, to a maximum number of simultaneous users, whose identity could change. The terms might include free “demo” licensing for AppLink recipients. Another type of application which might be considered by the algorithm could be an “Open Source” application which typically has a license permitting unrestricted use.

[0182] The algorithm could also consider other applications for which the recipient has rights, and which are compatible with the file being AppLinked, but not necessarily the application used by the AppLink sender to create the file (“native application”). As a lower priority, a compatible “viewer” application with appropriate licensing could be selected, with the limitation that the user may not be able to interact with the file to the degree that he could if a fully capable native file application were used. This embodiment of the present invention, by which licensing impacts application functionality, may be implemented in conjunction with a previously-discussed embodiment, by which various application versions have different functionality in order to effect file permission security. That is, licensing terms may give differing levels of functionality for different payments to the vendor or different circumstances. A “demonstration” license might require disabled functionality.

[0183] As an example, illustrative in that many possible file access avenues are explored, assume that a user “Joe” has created a flowchart with the Microsoft® Visio® for Windows® application. He creates an AppLink to the file and sends it to recipient “Larry”. The selection algorithm would first see if Larry is on file with an Application License Tracking Database that the algorithm has access to. If Larry is found, the algorithm looks to see if he has rights to Visio, the application used to create the file. In the event that he does not, the algorithm looks to see if the Visio software vendor is perhaps allowing AppLink to be used to non-owners as a marketing mechanism. If the Visio vendor is not, the algorithm then looks for other applications that Larry owns or has rights to which are capable of opening the file. In the event that he has none, the algorithm then looks at applications that the application service provider has licensed on a per-seat basis-that are file-compatible. If the ASP has none, the algorithm then looks at open source programs that the ASP has available to it to see if any are file-compatible. If none are, the algorithm then looks to see if the ASP has any less-capable “viewer”-type applications with appropriate licenses that could be used to at least display the file to the recipient. In the event that the ASP does have such a viewer, the algorithm selects it and the AppLink Server presents the file to Larry inside the viewer. As a further implementation of this license tracking function, a database may be provided for use by an AppLink Recipient Application Selection Algorithm as described above, which contains the software applications and license terms that an AppLink recipient has rights to. An AppLink Recipient Application Selection Algorithm according to the present invention could function without knowledge of the application rights of AppLink Recipients, but access to such a database would improve the performance of such an algorithm by increasing the number and quality of the choices available to it, ensuring that the optimal legal application is used for file access.

[0184] The Application Choices available to an AppLink Recipient may be enhanced according to an embodiment of the present invention: The AppLink Recipient Application Rights Database described above may be enhanced by way of a method to increase the number and quality of application choices available to an AppLink recipient as follows: When an AppLink recipient activates an AppLink, the AppLink Server determines the optimal application to open the file. Normally, the best choice for file compatibility and ability to interact with the file will be the native application, i.e., the application used in the creation of the file. However, if that application has restrictive, fully paid-up, perpetual “ownership” type licensing, that is, a recipient must legally own, rent, or be a licensee of, a copy of the application in order to use it, then there are several methods that could be used to allow the recipient to use that application to open the file. For example, it may be determined whether the recipient already has rights to use the application because he already has taken a license or is renting the application. This procedure would involve asking the AppLink recipient for identification information, and querying a database of users and their application permissions to see if there is an entry for the recipient.

[0185] If there is an entry for the recipient, it may be determined whether the recipient has rights to use the optimal AppLink application, which may typically be the native application. If so, the file may be opened in the optimal application. However, if there is no entry for the recipient, they may be notified that the optimal application to open the AppLink requires that he have rights to use it. The recipient is preferably informed as to which application is considered the optimal application. The recipient may then be prompted to enter application rights information into a database, which would typically include at least Recipient Identification information, and any suitable applications he has legal rights to use. Optionally it could include software ownership verification information such as product key codes, and, the duration of the product license or “rent” (a limited license term) period. If the recipient does enter this information, it may be confirmed whether the recipient in fact has rights to use the optimal AppLink application, by, for example, cross-checking a software vendor's database of registered application owners. If this information is confirmed, the file may be opened in the optimal application.

[0186] If, on the other hand, the recipient does not have rights to the optimal application, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, they may be presented with an offer to attain such rights, including offering to license the application to the recipient through sale or rental, preferably immediately to facilitate his opening the AppLink. “AppLink” application rental licenses could be provided, according to the participation of software application licensors, on a “fee per use,” based on a session or duration basis.

[0187] In an additional embodiment of the subject invention, an AppLink may be used to minutely track file access in great detail. Since an AppLink is a server-based application, the server can record various details of AppLink access for later review. This is an advantage AppLink has over e-mail, where typically the sender does not know whether the e-mail has ever been read. There are receipt provisions in some e-mail programs, but this still does not tell the sender whether the e-mail has been read, or an attachment opened. In conjunction with the file access tracking functionality described above, the AppLink Server may record details of AppLink use for later review or analysis by the AppLink sender or creator. This may include, but is not limited to, whether the document has been opened, how long it stayed open, the time a viewer spent on each page, and in fact could record the recipient's entire session, including cursor or screen view or framing movement for later playback.

[0188] In a related embodiment, due to the server-based nature of the AppLink function, the sender may also be notified of AppLink Accesses via a notification of AppLink use to the AppLink sender or creator by some communications means e.g., SMTP e-mail, wireless pager, or telephone call, as depicted in the flow diagram of FIG. 42. Such notification could include any information item or combination of items about the access, including but not limited to who accessed it, when it was accessed, for how long, and which pages of the document were accessed. This could be useful, for example, to a salesman who has sent an AppLink of a presentation to a client, and is enroute to that client for a sales call. His approach will be different if he knows that the client viewed his presentation, or never got around to it. An automatic pager or cell phone notification that the client has viewed the presentation, plus specifics such as time spent viewing it, would be of interest.

[0189] Central control of AppLink Settings will allow organizations, such as a company, to centrally control its intellectual property and other confidential information, e.g., identifiable electronic patient records in the health care setting. This is effected, for example, by preventing employees from sending proprietary or confidential files to unauthorized parties, such as competitors. This will typically require that employees' interaction with a company's files is restricted to server-based applications, where the ability to download the file to an employee's local computer is not permitted, so that the files remain on the serverlf some sensitive files reside on employees local computers, additional restrictions will be required, such as the requirement that all employee's e-mail programs do not have the capability to attach files to e-mails, and/or that an AppLink E-mail Gateway as described herein is established.

[0190] In the central administration of AppLinks in an organization, for example, preferably all or some variable settings to outgoing AppLinks which will be sent by a group can be controlled centrally by an AppLink group administrator or File Librarian. Central control of AppLink Settings may be set according to Role or Group membership: For example, a company's central AppLink administrator may set more restrictive permissions for employees that work with more confidential company files, or for a group of customers of the company. The central control may alternatively, or in addition, be implemented according to File Type. For example, a central AppLink administrator may set more restrictive permissions for more confidential documents or files. The file AppLink settings could further be varied according to any file metadata criteria, such as author, when created, subject matter, etc.

[0191] The sender of an AppLink may also optionally require the recipient to view an introductory web page before viewing an AppLink, which could include a requirement or optional request to enter information or perform an action, such as to enter various details about the document or the sender as a form of authentication; a means for collecting sender-specified information, such as a web-based form or embedded or linked-to server-based spreadsheet or database templates; text entry boxes for entering a name, a telephone number, an email address, a password, or any other sender-required or requested information; an explanation or a link to an explanation of what an AppLink is and how to operate within the AppLink environment; an explanation or a link to an explanation of the technical requirements for receiving an AppLink, such as the requirements to run the AppLink client; a hyperlink or GUI button which, when executed, submits any form data to the server and activates the AppLink; a library of other useful elements. Two examples: A clickwrap Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) form which the recipient must agree to by executing an “Agree” GUI button or typing “Agree” and entering their name, or digitally signing the agreement. And a legal “terms/conditions of use” agreement required for the use of the server-based software or digitally signing the agreement.

[0192] Typically, files involved in collaboration would not have an introductory web page, or might only have the password or authentication provision, to minimize access steps required for persons that will be working with a document frequently.

[0193] The present invention also admits, in an alternate embodiment, of providing an Application Window in a Web Site's Web Page. This may be referred to herein according to the tradename “Embed-an-App™.” According to this embodiment, the AppLink is embedded into a web page, as a thin-client-enabled application window which displays a specific file in a file-compatible application, for example, as a frame within a web page. The thin-client-enabled application windows may be included in a persistent web page which is a part of a web site containing one or more pages, as a permanent element of that page. The source code, e.g., html or JavaScript, for the web page may contain window creation code which specifies the size of the window, plus embedded code or a link which essentially acts as an AppLink to a specific server-based application, and possibly, though not necessarily, to a specific file within the application. In the event that the web page viewer's computer did not have the requisite thin client program installed, upon first opening the web page with an application window, the viewer would be asked if he/she wishes the required thin client to be downloaded and installed.

[0194] This embodiment may be distinguished from the AppLink transmission system where the AppLink is transmitted to a recipient as a hyperlink or hyperlinked graphic on a web page on a web site which is viewed by the recipient. Applications have been known to be displayed in a web page, as in the Tarantella web-enabling system or Java-based thin-clients that depend on the web browser's Java Virtual Machine. However, this display has been primarily a way to access the application, by calling up a Java-enabled web page window with the application displayed therein, when an application is desired. This is comparable to the way a user might call up a word processing application on his local machine. Just as that user could have several programs which he has minimized onto the taskbar at the bottom of the local machine's GUI, so could the user have several web pages or windows with embedded applications minimized at the bottom of the GUI.

[0195] According to an embodiment of the present invention, however, one or more thin-client-enabled application windows are included in a web page which is a part of a persistent web site containing one or more pages, as a permanent element of that page, or as generated on-the-fly automatically or as requested by viewers, by a web page generation script or programming language, such as Microsoft's Active Server Pages, or ASPs. This inclusion of thin-client-enabled application windows into a web page provides expanded uses: For example, a company web site could have a presentation program presented in a web page's window, with a presentation file loaded and ready to run when desired by a viewer. A financial advisor might have a spreadsheet presented in a window on his web site, with a template loaded which would allow a viewer to enter his personal financial information and run a macro which would calculate how much money the financial advisor may save the viewer. A software vendor could have web page windows on the corporate web site which show each of the vendor's software applications. In this case, there may be no specific file displayed, or there may be an example file loaded.

[0196] In other words, this embodiment of the present invention, which may be termed the “Application Window in a Web Site's Page”, or “Embed-an-Application”, may be distinguished from the AppLink transmission system where the AppLink is transmitted to a recipient as a hyperlink or hyperlinked graphic on a web page on a web site which is viewed by the recipient. In that case, the application window does not appear in the web page. In the instant embodiment, however, a window containing a server-based running application is embedded within a web page. The applications are actually running on a remote server, and when the viewer opens a web page with such a program “embedded”, a Java-based or native client program downloads itself to the viewer's local machine and displays within one or more windows in the web page the interface to one or more applications, with perhaps a specific file opened and in view. A web page or browser window could contain many such windows, as depicted in FIG. 49, below.

[0197] A specific embodiment of the present invention that has been referred to above, is the use of an Application Window in a Web Site's Web Page, or “Embed-an-App” as used to implement a medical record confidentiality and control system. A patient's medical record may consist of several files in different locations. Some files would be viewed and manipulated by high-end, perhaps proprietary applications, such as an x-ray imaging and interpretation program. Documentation of a patient's laboratory work-up or clinician interview examination might be presented within a word processing program specialized for rapid medical dialog entry. The totality of the patient's files could be presented to a,doctor with access to any Internet-connected computer within a single web page, with each file presented within a compatible server-based application. A central or unifying patient's medical record web page may be created that may contain a series of hyperlinks (AppLinks) that call up a file in an application, or windows that display the application and file. For example, when a clinician clicks on an AppLink icon for the patient's x-rays, the x-ray interpretation program would come up in it's own window. This solves the problem of files located in different places and accessed by different applications. In this specific embodiment relating to medical record control, an AppLink may be created to Multiple Files Within a GUI Desktop as described in a previous embodiment.

[0198] In a further embodiment of the instant invention, a Communications AppLink, which may also be referred to herein according to the tradename “CommLink™.” In this embodiment, the server-based application is one or more communications programs, such as an e-mail, Instant Messaging, Chat (IRC), Voice Chat (Voice Over Internet Protocol), or Video Chat application or executable. The communications program may preferably be preconfigured with the communications address of the sender. The Communications AppLink can then be used by the AppLink recipient to communicate with the sender, who will have a compatible communications program, either server-based, or locally installed. This “CommLink” could be sent along with an AppLink to another file that the sender wishes to collaborate with the recipient about, or have the recipient view and discuss. A depiction of a screen view of a suitable CommLink GUI implementing a Voice Over Internet Protocol application (voice messaging or chat) is depicted in FIG. 19a at 1910. FIG. 19a is a depiction of a user interface for a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention. Using AppLink or Embed-an-App, access to one user's communication tools could be sent to another user via server-based communications programs in a web page or e-mail. Suitable applications may include Instant Messaging, a depiction of which is included as FIG. 19b, email, or voice over IP and video conferencing in those instances in which the local client program can access the relevant components of the local machine, such as the microphone or WebCam. FIG. 19b is a depiction of a screen view for an alternate implementation of a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention. The recipient could communicate with the sender despite having no compatible communications programs installed on his local machine. This would allow guaranteed reliable communication with any number of recipients in a manner fully supported by both/all users, with no problems with incompatible or conflicting proprietary communications applications or executables. The communications applications could be configured, according to the desires of the sender, to allow the recipient to only communicate with the sender, for example according to the sender's addresses already set up in the application.

[0199] An AppLink provides for file independence, since the application can be “sent” along with the file. Similarly, in the Communications AppLink embodiment, or the alternative Communications Embed-an-App embodiment of the present invention, the sender “sends” the communications program along with the web page or URL. Accordingly, in communications-oriented embodiments, the recipient need not have a communications program resident on their local machine. Additionally, the communications program linked to by the CommLink can be optimized for communication with the sender. It can be automatically or manually configured to contain the communications address of the sender, or of a specific group of collaborators.

[0200] Another embodiment of the present invention provides for the combination of Program Sharing and AppLinking. A Program Sharing AppLink would allow the server-based application that presents an AppLinked file to the recipient to be “shared” real-time between two or more users, typically the sender and the AppLink recipient(s) for the purpose of collaboration. “Program Sharing,” or “Session Shadowing”, allows multiple users to interact with the same document simultaneously, as depicted in FIGS. 20, 21, and 22. FIG. 20 is a depiction of a process flow, with corresponding user interfaces, for a collaborative communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 20 shows a suitable GUI for the administration of a collaborative communication session according to an embodiment of the present invention, together with a process flow for the creation of such a session. An AppLink recipient may activate an AppLink as discussed previously. To establish a communication session, the recipient may communicate with the sender, requesting a program sharing session. In response, the sender may query the AppLink server by executing, e.g., a “current AppLink activity” GUI button, which will display the sender's currently active AppLink sessions. Identification information regarding the sessions may also be supplied.

[0201] The sender may indicate, e.g., via GUI radio button or check box, which sessions he wishes to be collaborative through the use of program sharing. The sender may then be presented with an interface to indicate which sessions he wishes to copy to the would-be collaborators. This may be the sender's session or another AppLink session currently running. The selected collaborators are presented with a thin client environment housing the selected session, which all collaborators can see at the same time on their remote device. The sender may select an additional session for collaboration as well. Collaborative users may have a single thin client running one collaborative session, or they may have multiple sessions, which may differ from the combinations of other session participants.

[0202]FIG. 21a is a depiction of a process flow for a collaborative communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 21a depicts a network environment as it exists prior to the effecting of a program sharing session. Each user, or would-be collaborator, is presented with a separate session, which is not shared by any other user. The users maintain network links through a network such as a public network or intemetwork to sessions running on the AppLink server array or application server, shown in the top tier of FIG. 21a. The user's respective displays are shown in the bottom tier of FIG. 21a. FIG. 22 is a depiction of a process flow for a collaborative communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 21b depicts the network environment following creation of the session or sessions, creating a virtual network architecture as shown. The owner of the AppLink account or administrator of the session may enable the sessions, the data flow of which is shown by the solid line. The recipient collaborators continue to maintain their sessions and corresponding session thin-client GUIs. Each user can move the application's cursor and otherwise interact with the program. Coordination between multiple users about who is currently interacting with the program can be done informally, or in some variants, control of the application must be formally requested and granted by the current controller. According to the present invention, AppLink functionality is combined with a program sharing capability. Since the program is running on the server, it is possible to split, or “copy” the data flow from the application server to the first interface thin client to one or more additional thin clients, running on different remote machines. The AppLink can serve as an initial connection mechanism to the AppLink Server, and thus to the AppLink sender, who can view which AppLinks are being used at any point in time. The actual program session that is shared can be the AppLinked file program session, or any other session extant among the online AppLink sender and recipients. The session can be changed at any time.

[0203] There are two ways to implement a combination AppLinking and Program Sharing event with regard to the recipient's existing sessions, that is the sessions that were in existence prior to program sharing. One is to take over the application windows of the persons being shared with and replace that windows contents with the session to be shared. The recipient's sessions would continue to run, but not be visible to the recipients until the session sharing is terminated. A second, preferred mode, is to generate a second application window on each recipient's computer GUI desktop with the shared session. That way, each recipient can continue running and interacting with their own session, and perhaps sharing that session with others later.

[0204] The present invention provides application and file access to a much broader range of users than a normal Application Service Provider (ASP) model, where each user must be signed up with a particular ASP.

[0205]FIG. 23 is a depiction of user interface for an alternate implementation of a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention. CommLinks could be included in a web page that also has an embedded application with a file that the sender wishes to collaborate with a recipient on as depicted in FIG. 23. Through session shadowing or program sharing of that program window, both users can be viewing and working with the file simultaneously as shown in FIG. 21 and 22. They can also be communicating with each other via the embedded or AppLinked communications programs.

[0206] Several of the embodiments of the present invention described above may be combined into what may be termed a Multiple Application or Multiple File AppLink, which may be implemented by the integration of a CommLink embodiment with a Program Sharing embodiment. A depiction of a suitable GUI for transmission of a MultiFile AppLink is shown in FIG. 23 at 2310. FIG. 24a is a depiction of user interface for an alternate implementation of a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 24b is a depiction of an alternate implementation of a user interface for a communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention. Alternatively, the MultiFile AppLinks and attendant CommLinks may be combined into a single communication, e.g., a SMTP e-mail message as depicted in FIGS. 24a and 24 b, or an AppLink recipient's introductory web page depicted in FIG. 25 at 2510. FIG. 25 is a depiction of a user interface for a collaborative communication link according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0207] According to this embodiment of the present invention, an AppLink can be created which combines one or more server-based communications programs plus a file or files in one or more application windows, frames, or displays, which can be program-shared. The communications program can be used to communicate with an AppLink sender, for example via a text or audio chat, or via an instant messaging application. The sender and one or more recipients can collaborate over a document via the Program Sharing capability.

[0208]FIG. 26 is a depiction of a user interface for an alternate embodiment of the present invention. In a further refined embodiment of the present invention, application interface settings may be altered according to file metadata. According to this embodiment, a user can associate a custom program interface setting with a file, for example, in the form of metadata for that file. File metadata is information about the file that may be contained in the file, for example as a file header, or external to it, for example, in a file database. For example, FIG. 26 depicts a typical GUI interface to examine the file metadata of a particular type of file. An application interface setting will preferably specify which menu items or tools would be present in the application as experienced by the user. The file metadata application interface settings could communicate with the application's APIs (Application Programming Interfaces, or protocols to communicate with and control a program) to customize the interface prior to opening a file. If that file is opened, the program would display the application interface specified for that file. Another user accessing the file through an AppLink, for example, would be limited to the application settings created by the file owner or administrator, such as the author. Interface specifications file metadata could additionally have an additional association with a person or group, so that when that person or group opens the file, the user may be presented with a particular interface for the target application optimized for that person or group, for example, according to their work roles. For example, tasks that are never performed by members of a certain group may be eliminated, thus reducing clutter and simplifying the interface for that group. In certain situations, AppLink recipients may actually pay for and/or subscribe to certain functions or subsets of functions, eliminating those that they would not use from the interface and simplifying their experience of the application.

[0209] The ability to “send” an application via AppLink for opening and working with a file means that the application can now serve different roles than originally envisioned by creators of the program. For example, in an embodiment of the present invention in which application Interface Settings are altered according to file metadata, a presentation file AppLink may be sent, with the sole purpose of having the recipient view the presentation. There is no necessity for the recipient to modify the presentation, indeed, the presence in the AppLink presentation application of tools necessary to create and modify the presentation could confuse the recipient who might be unfamiliar with the full functionality of the application. Accordingly, it would therefore be beneficial if the AppLink creator could modify the program that the recipient sees to eliminate confusing and unnecessary menu items and tools. The ability of the AppLink creator to customize the program interface to achieve particular goals also increases the usefulness of the ability to place an application window in a web site's web page.

[0210]FIG. 27 is a process flow diagram for an e-mail server according to a further embodiment of the present invention. In a further embodiment of the present invention and as depicted in FIG. 27, an AppLink E-mail Gateway may be provided, by which a server, referred to as an AppLink E-mail Gateway Server 2701, screens all incoming e-mails for attachments. If an e-mail 2701 has an attached file 2702, this file is removed from the e-mail and stored on the server 2704 after being scanned for viruses. An AppLink to the file is created 2705 and the AppLink is appended to the e-mail 2706. The e-mail is then forwarded to its intended recipient 2707, who opens the attachment via the AppLink 2708, thus eliminating the danger of computer viruses for the recipient's computer. In a related embodiment, but for a contrasting purpose, outgoing e-mail can be treated similarly, by removing and storing the attachments, and creating an AppLink which is added to the e-mail instead. For outgoing e-mails, the replacement of all attachments with AppLinks may aid in the control of a company's intellectual property, by ensuring that the attached files remain with the company, and AppLink recipient file permissions or properties may be restricted centrally according to company policy and the recipient permissions in general.

[0211] According to the present invention, an AppLink may be implemented as a viral marketing mechanism for service providers as follows: A link or other mechanism may be included in some or all sent AppLinks, depending for example on the subscription level of the sender or creator, whereby an AppLink recipient is advised or solicited regarding signing up with the service provider that is providing the AppLink capability to enable the recipient to send their own AppLinks. In this manner, incentive is provided to the recipient to sign up or register. According to this embodiment of the present invention, the novel capability of AppLink to deliver server-based applications and files to a broad range of anonymous or random recipients allows AppLink to be used as a viral marketing mechanism. Viral marketing typically may be thought to require two components: (1) a user motivated to use a service to communicate with others that are not currently members of the service, and (2) provision for nonmembers that are communicated with to sign up for the service.

[0212] Since an AppLink is essentially a new and useful way to communicate with any number of recipients, it intrinsically provides the first component. The second condition can be satisfied by including a registration form or a link included in a recipient's introductory web page for sent AppLinks which, if activated by the AppLink recipient, brings an AppLink recipient to some sort of informational web page which would include that ability to register with the service, perhaps through a limited time offer, as depicted in FIG. 10.

[0213] Another means to facilitate viral marketing is to combine the thin client (required by AppLink recipients to activate and interact with an AppLinked file) with the means to create AppLinks. Each first-time AppLink recipient will have to download some sort of thin client. If that download also includes means to create an AppLink, perhaps as a plug-in to an email application, the “viral marketing” propagation of users of the AppLink service provider should be considerably enhanced. The e-mail plug-in could be preconfigured to use, for example, a free trial account offered by the AppLink service provider for a limited time.

[0214] Another means of facilitating viral marketing for the AppLink service provider is to use the occasion of a recipient trying to activate an inactive AppLink as a marketing opportunity. The recipient could get a web page containing an error message, but one that also includes an offer to let the recipient try out AppLinking, perhaps with AppLinks to several “demonstration” files, such as a spreadsheet, word document, and presentation file.

[0215] Another embodiment where the use of AppLinks can act as a viral marketing mechanism for Software Vendors or publishers is by way of an AppLink Recipient Demo Application License. According to this embodiment, a free “demo” license for AppLink recipients allows software vendors to present their application to potential customers via the viral marketing mechanism of AppLink. In a further refinement of this embodiment, a server-delivered application may be provided to AppLink recipients (who have not yet paid for application access rights) which contain various limitations on functionality, e.g., “demo-ware”, where an application has a free demo period, after which a key code must be entered for further use; “annoy-ware”, where some irritating feature, such as a fixed delay after opening the program until it can be used, is present until a key code is entered; “cripple-ware”, where critical features such as a “print” function is disabled until a key code is entered; or “limited time-ware” where entry of a key code enables application usage for a specified time period. Information about increased functionality is preferably provided that may be enabled via entry of a key code which may, for example, be purchased from the software vendor or the application service provider.

[0216] In addition to its use in AppLinks, this same key code system for removing on-line application limitations may be used in another embodiment, depicted in FIG. 28, by Application Service Providers in general, as follows: According to present methods of key code software enabling, the key code is “purchased” from the software publisher, either through on-line communication with the software publisher, such as for downloadable applications, or printed on the software packaging for physical media software. According to the present invention however, such applications are made available on-line by an application service provider, through server-based application delivery. The service provider could collect a hosting fee from the user. This decouples the payment for the program, which is collected by the software vendor, and the payment for hosting the program, if any, which is collected by the application service provider. According to the present invention, the ASP does not have to license and manage the software rights. Those rights are purchased directly from the software vendor by the user. It allows users to license or purchase programs online, rather than rent them from an ASP. This embodiment preferably allows users to access programs online that they have already licensed for their local machine. This helps solves the problem of a large base of already-paid-up licensed and installed software, by preserving that investment and reducing resistance to a migration to an online application delivery model. A suitable process for this embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 28. FIG. 28 is a process flow showing corresponding user interfaces for a software registration systems according to an embodiment of the present invention. An online session may be originated, after which a user may select programs for an initial investigation, demonstration, or use. Alternatively, a user may select programs already existing in the user's account, i.e., the user has already paid consideration for a license or for a purchased copy of the software being considered. The software may operate in one of several limited modes. The user may have a key code from a previous purchase or still-valid license for the software product, which they may enter. Alternatively, the user may “purchase” an appropriate key code from the vendor or pay a fee for a license to the software, for which the user is given an enabling key code. In either event, the user may enter the key code at a user interface. The user may also be prompted to enter a password in a textbox for authentication. While the software program had been operating in a limited mode, upon entry of the key code the program may commence to operate in unlimited mode. In this way, the ASP is not involved with program activation, and may charge a program hosting fee as well. The program license revenue goes directly to the software vendor. Software may be made available for use in this way without license agreements, because their rights are protected by the limitation occurring to the software if the key code is not provided. Users get the benefit of key codes they already own. Key codes may be matched against authorized users, and authentication may be used to prevent key code sharing. FIG. 29 depicts this process in conjunction with a database system of key code validation. Following creation of an AppLink, a list of suitable applications may be ranked from most to least suitable for the AppLink file. Upon execution, the AppLink server may go down the list, and as soon as the user has the right to use an application choice, the application server is prompted to start this application. If the user does not have the best choice, their license or purchase of this choice may be solicited. A database may be accessed to determine the current application rights of the user. If no application can be validate or otherwise provided to the user, they may be provided with an error message.

[0217] Under present systems of key-code software enabling, with software installed on consumer PCs for example, key-code sharing in violation of the user's license is common. FIG. 29 is a process flow diagram for a software rights control system according to an embodiment of the present invention. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the On-line Application Purchase Model of an embodiment above may be combined with a key code database as depicted in FIG. 29, by which the ASP has access to a database of issued key codes, perhaps maintained by the software vendor, with the database optionally including other customer-verification information such as customer name. This would allow the ASP to verify that the key code offered by the customer is not only valid, but unique, that is, not being used by another user.

[0218] Where a user has multiple AppLinks to multiple files or applications or computer “desktops” on one or more servers located in the same or different data centers operated by the same or different service providers, this constitutes an “AppLink Library”. A user could create multiple AppLinks to his files from different servers operated by different service providers. By keeping a list of AppLinks to each file, or to a desktop work area for each server, the user has a central library of his files and applications. Such a list could be kept in a web browser's or web home page's URL “bookmark” list. This aggregation of AppLinks could serve as a user's document library, and could be stored locally or on a central database. One disadvantage of this arrangement is that currently files on one system cannot be opened with applications on another service provider's system.

[0219] Currently, multiple and sometimes incompatible file systems are being used by different computers, servers, or data storage devices. Combining such different file systems in a useful way is difficult and complicated. What is missing is a way to quickly and seamlessly combine those systems into one integrated and unified system. A metafile system links together all network-connected computing devices and creates a single, seamless resource. A further embodiment of the present invention provides for a “Metafile System,” i.e., a network-connected computer server or server cluster, which may be referred to by the tradename Metaserver™, together with one or more network-connected computers, servers, or data centers where one or more user's files are stored. This embodiment is depicted in FIGS. 30 through 33. FIG. 30 is a data flow diagram showing metafile server operation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 30 depicts a metafile server database according to an embodiment of the present invention. A user via their remote machine may access a metafile server database over a network, e.g., a public network or intemetwork. Through the use of Directory Access Protocols, e.g., ActiveX, Bindery, DHCP/BOOTP, DNS, HTTP, IETF dial-in, Java, LDAP, NCP, NDAP, NT Domains, ODBC, PKI, PKCS10, RADIUS, SMB, SSL, X.509, XML, WebDAV, or other protocols, the metafile server file database may access remote storage devices, indicated generally, via a network, which may be a public network or intemetwork. The Metafile Server File Database is able to access any of various Directory types or services, including but not limited to Novell Directory Services and its attendant storage, an NDS Disc Array; Windows Directory Services and an attendant Windows 2000 server, or a PC file access client process and the PC's hard drive. FIG. 31a is a process flow diagram showing metafile server operation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 31a depicts the process for the request of a metafile file request. The user initially logs in from a client machine. The user is presented with a list of their files, and the user may request to open a file. The metafile server looks up the file name, resolving any alias naming that has been implemented, and determines from the database the location of the file in the storage devices, the appropriate directory access protocol from those indicated in FIG. 30, for example, and the file transmission protocol. The metafile server requests the appropriate access protocol subroutine to retrieve the file, and opens the requested file in the online application, which may be presented to the user via a thin client environment as discussed herein. FIG. 31b is a system architecture diagram of a metafile server system according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 31b depicts the broad software architecture of the metafile main program. The user accesses the monolithic metafile main program, the components of which are preferably transparent to the user. The Metafile Main program components include central control algorithms, intelligent file management algorithms, and directory access protocols and file transmission protocols as discussed with reference to FIG. 31a above. An interface to the storage devices is provided to the Metafile Main program. FIG. 32 is a depiction of a metafile server entry according to an embodiment of the present invention. An example populated field for a record of the metafile server showing user file lists entries is depicted in FIG. 32. As shown, a user's file list may indicate the following fields: the user's alias or “user friendly” file name, the corresponding actual file name, the location of this file among the available storage devices, the file directory system used, the file transmission protocol and/or network type, and file use information including the author, the date and time of last access, any user groups or genera to which the user belongs, and the URLs giving the location of corresponding AppLinks. FIG. 32 also depicts a populated file list record for a user showing the location of a file in the storage device of a user PC. FIG. 33 is a process flow diagram of alternative metafile server processes according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 33 depicts the optimization strategies available to the metafile server according to a representative embodiment of the present invention. An individualized file location may be determined according to frequency of use, for example. The file administrator may set a “file unused time” for file movement or file cascading to lower cost and slower storage. Based on periodic polling, inventory, sweeping, or the like, if it is determined that the “file unused time” exceeds the set parameters, the file may be moved to lower cost storage as indicated. As depicted below, when a user creates an AppLink to a file on a laptop or other device prone to removal from the network, a copy of the file may be moved to persistent, “always on-line” data storage. If it is determined that an AppLink is created to a file but the file is not located on persistent storage, a copy of the file may be placed in persistent storage, with AppLink parameters updated accordingly.

[0220] Files may be provided with redundancy based on their importance. According to this embodiment, files may be assigned a centrally set variable redundancy based on individual file characteristics. An important file could be given, for example, a redundancy level of “5,” meaning for example that 5 complete copies of the file or file set are available in different storage device locations. Finally, if a file is identified as having need for high security, the metafile server may move such file to a storage device having the requisite security parameters, according to the file security level rating or number assigned to the file or file type by a file or network administrator.

[0221] These may be termed generally Storage Devices, or SDs. This Metafile Management System would preferably be implemented with the following components: The SDs would preferably have a protocol or means for the Metaserver to interact with the SD to accomplish file manipulation functions, such as move, upload, download, alter, delete, or copy. This could be via protocols already built into the SD's file system,, via accessing the particular directory service being used by the SD, or through a custom program installed on the SD, such as a web server/WebDAV combination, which would allow the Metaserver to perform the required functions.

[0222] The Metaserver may be configured so as to contain a central database of one or more user's files and file metadata. The metadata would preferably include, at a minimum, the location of the file, data about the file system used by the computer or server storing the file, and any necessary access information such as passwords or a pointer or reference to such information. The database entry for each file could also include any other standard or user-specified file-specific metadata such as file access permissions, author/owner, last modified date, etc. The Metaserver will preferably be configured so as to contain a protocol for each type of file system and directory service that the Metaserver is intended to interact with, so as to accomplish file manipulation functions on the SD. These may include, for example, functions such as move, upload, download, alter, delete, or copy. The Metafile System provided by the instant invention can link together multiple files, file locations, and file systems, presenting them to the user as a single file grouping. The Metaserver manages the different protocols necessary to perform file actions between different file systems.

[0223] With a Metafile system according to the present invention, the ability to run applications on multiple servers or service providers is linked with a complimentary capability to manage files located on multiple service providers storage devices, thus providing a way to transfer files from one service provider's system to another. This functionality is in addition to the alternative method, that is to download a file onto the user's local machine and then upload it onto a different server.

[0224] The multiple locations and file systems which a metafile system makes possible may be considered an advantage of the distributed nature of file storage according to the present invention. These characteristics mean that the metafile system is required for the user to access the files. The user may not even be aware of the actual physical location of the storage device containing his file, or of the operating system of the Storage Device being accessed. This also means that an administrator can set different permissions for each user of the Metafile System, aiding in Intellectual Property and confidential information control, enhancing the central control by an administrator of user permissions of a metafile system.

[0225] This Metafile System with Central Control may be further enhanced, according to an embodiment of the invention, through the use of Intelligent File Management, i.e., the ability of a Metafile System to integrate multiple SDs of varying performance, security, and cost presents new problems of optimization other than simply tracking file location. These variable characteristics of SDs are taken into account by intelligent file management rules that are designed to optimize these resources as follows: Central control is provided to an administrator via automatic file management rules for a Metafile System. According to this embodiment, optimal file location may be set according to various Storage Device (SD) criteria such as storage cost or security; and/or according to file metadata such as usage/access frequency, importance, required security, file creator/owner, or setting the number of backup copies of a file according to it's importance and the availability and cost of backup storage space. In a specific embodiment of this Intelligent File Management, the ability to associate any type of metadata with a particular file is provided, allowing an administrator to specify rules for intelligent file management which would be carried out by the Metaserver.

[0226] As an example of the embodiment of Intelligent File Management Rules in practice, suitable rules might be as follows: (1) Files which have not been used for a specified time period might be moved automatically off of high-cost, always-network-available storage such as a dedicated data center's disc array and onto a lower-cost network-connected PC's hard drive. (2) When a user creates an AppLink to a file on his laptop, a copy of that file is moved to high-cost, always-network-available storage, because if the laptop is removed from the network and a recipient attempts to execute the AppLink, the file will not be available. (3) A particularly important file, such as a customer database, could be supported by backup redundancy based on its high importance. For example, this file could have as many as 5 or more different copies in different locations. (4) Files that need to be kept secure would be kept on secure storage, such as a disc array at a secure facility, regardless of frequency of use. In this manner, certain Intelligent File Management Rules according to the present invention may have imperative or absolute status, thus trumping other subservient rules.

[0227] In a further refinement of Intelligent File Management, Graded and/or Monitored Storage may be provided. For example, a Metaserver which implements a system of Intelligent File Management Rules could usefully employ information about the Storage Devices available to it. This information could include the speed of access, including the speed of the network connection, i.e., the bandwidth available between the SD and the Metaserver. It could further include the persistence of the connection, if the SD is occasionally removed from the network, as with a laptop computer or frequently-maintained server or one that is empirically frequently not operational.

[0228] This information about the SD could simply be entered by an administrator, or could actually be monitored and tracked by the Metaserver automatically. For example, a laptop would be observed by the Metaserver to be only intermittently connected to the network, while a desktop PC would be observed to be almost always connected to the network. The Metaserver could then manage file location automatically in light of this SD performance and access knowledge. For example, the Metaserver might move seldom-used files that still have an outstanding AppLink onto the desktop PC. It might move never-used files onto the laptop.

[0229] This central control based on Metaserver management may be combined with Double-Entry File Naming. According to this embodiment, a metafile system where the actual file names used by the SDs for the files are shielded from users by linking an Actual File Name to a different file name that the user can view and change (User File Name). Typically, the actual file name would be a designation without meaning, such as a pseudorandom or arbitrarily determined set of numbers and letters. The Metaserver's database entry for a file would contain both the Actual File Name and the User File Name. When a user requests access to a file via the User File Name, the Metaserver will look up the Actual File Name and location, and use this information to access the file. Typically, in this case, the actual physical location of the file in terms of its SD placement would also be hidden from the user.

[0230] One or more AppLinks may be embedded into an HTML-based or Rich Text Format (i.e., Microsoft's HTML format), or XML (eXtensible Markup Language), or any other compatibly-formatted document, as thin-client-enabled applications in a window, which may display a specific file in an application compatible with that file. The source code for the application window would contain window-creation code which specifies the size of the window, plus code or a link which acts in a manner comparable to an AppLink to a specific server-based application. This may optionally contain a link to a specific file native to the application. The Document format requires information regarding the position and size a window in the document, and will call up an outside process, such as the thin client. Opening the document calls up the thin client and commands the server to open the requested application. The thin client then displays the application inside the designated window.

[0231] The embodiment of the present invention by which an application window may be embedded into a web page (“Embed-an-App”), may be extended to provide for the insertion of such a window into an appropriately-formatted e-mail, e.g., an SMTP transmission utilizing HTML, RTF, or XML formats. If the viewer's computer did not have the requisite thin-client program installed, upon first opening the e-mail with an application window, the viewer would be asked if he/she wishes the required thin-client to be downloaded and installed.

[0232] In other words, the same basic principles of embedding an application window into a document with the proper format can be used to insert such a window into an appropriately-formatted e-mail, such as the HTML or Microsoft's RTF or XML formats. Accordingly, according to the present invention, an application window for thin-client enabled applications may be inserted into compatible e-mail formats. A format is compatible to the extent that it allows a way to position and size a window in the document, and call up an outside process. Compatible formats would thus include, for example, HTML, Rich Text Format (RTF), and XML (eXtensible Markup Language).

[0233] Generally, AppLink creation can be optimally joined with or linked to the means of transmission to intended recipients, to minimize the number of steps the AppLink creator is required to perform, or to minimize the number of applications the creator is required to use. Often, this transmission method will be e-mail. Therefore, incorporating AppLink generation into an e-mail program to automate some of these steps would have efficiency and convenience benefits for the end user in the creation and transmission of AppLinks via e-mail.

[0234] According to an alternate embodiment of the present invention, an AppLink is created and executed via communication with the AppLink Server by the native code of an e-mail application, or an addition to the e-mail program, such as through a plug-in or add-on program. This add-on could interact with the e-mail program through program APIs, thus the creation code could facilitate any of the possible transmission formats. Generating an AppLink through an e-mail interface would include the following steps: 1) Selection of the file to be AppLinked; 2) Setting of AppLink properties (or the acceptance of previously set parameters); 3) Generation of the AppLink address or URL; 4) Inclusion of the AppLink address in an e-mail, either as a naked link or linked to an inserted image. If including an Application Window in the e-mail according to the e-mail implementation of the embed-an-app embodiment described above, the sender would be prompted to size and place the window in the e-mail. Finally, recipients could be selected and the e-mail sent.

[0235] The inclusion of the AppLink address in the e-mail may be effected in one of several ways. One AppLink presentation method may be used if the AppLink transmission e-mail is in plain text format. In this case, the AppLink is inserted by the E-mail AppLink Insertion procedure as a naked link, such as:

http://FreeDesk.com/AppLinks/345.65867.73645.

[0236] An alternate AppLink presentation method may be used if the AppLink transmission e-mail is in a richer format such as HTML, RTF, or XML. In this case, the e-mail AppLink Insertion procedure can generate and insert an image into the e-mail representing the AppLink, with the actual naked AppLink address linked to the image via underlying code. The image could incorporate features to aid in communication with the recipient, such as a preview of the AppLinked document, or a thumbnail image of the document bearing a label with the name of the AppLinked file. Suitable source code implementing this embodiment, for an HTML-format e-mail would be:

<A HREF=“WWW.FREEDESK.COM/APPLINKS/345.678.893334”><IMG SRC=“APPLINK BUTTON TO BUSINESS PLAN.JPG”></A>

[0237] According to another embodiment of the present invention, an AppLink “Shortcut” for a user's local PC GUI “Desktop” may be provided. One possible implementation for this embodiment is depicted in FIG. 34a and 34 b. FIG. 34a is a process flow diagram depicting the creation of a shortcut to an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 34b is a process flow diagram depicting the activation of a shortcut to an application link according to an embodiment of the present invention. Most potential users of server-based applications will also use applications running on their local PC. The Operating System GUI “desktop”, such as the Microsoft Windows or Linux Gnome desktops, are well known to such users. What is needed is a way to seamlessly integrate server-based applications into that desktop. Most users are familiar with the concept of a “shortcut”. This is simply a graphic image which can be placed on the desktop, and which, when clicked upon, starts up the linked-to application. If the shortcut is to a document, when clicked upon, a compatible application is started and the file opened in it. AppLinks can have equivalents to both application and file shortcuts.

[0238] This shortcut may contain network location information pertaining to an online server-based application delivered according to the thin-client embodiment described herein, or to a file which may be opened with such an thin-client based application. One way to implement such an AppLink “Shortcut” would be a small program installed on the user's local PC that displays a suitable image on the user's desktop. On installation, the program would prompt the user to select or enter one or more default online services, and to enter the any user name and passwords required by each service for access. When the “shortcut” image is executed, the program or script may automatically activate the local thin client, in the case of a natively installed client. Alternatively, if the client is not native to the machine, the particular activation requirements of the thin client would be performed. For example, if the thin client is a Java Applet, and requires a web browser's Java Virtual Machine to operate, the script that is the target of the desktop shortcut first opens a web page within the browser. The program then automatically logs the user in to an applicable remote online service, and commands the thin client to open the linked-to server-based application. If the “shortcut” ultimately points to a particular file, the file is opened in an appropriate server-based application. The file could be located anywhere that the AppLink Server has access. For example, if the file was located on the user's local machine, and the local machine's storage was connected to the server, through a protocol such as “Web DAV,” or Microsoft's Web Folders, the server-based application could open the file, and the user could save changes back to the local machine's hard drive. A single AppLink “shortcut enabling” program would then in effect enable the creation and functioning of multiple “shortcuts” on a user's desktop. The program would have a means to select a file or online application for shortcut creation. A suitable process for this is depicted in FIG. 35. FIG. 35 is a process flow diagram depicting the creation of an application link interface according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0239] The essential elements that make this “shortcut” different from a standard AppLink is that the shortcut will open applications and files without an introductory web page, and the applications opened will have full access to all of the user's files through a “file>>open” GUI command. Normally, such file access permission is accomplished by requiring a user to “log-in” to an online application service. In the AppLink “shortcut” embodiment, the shortcut program or script resident on the user's local machine would log the user in automatically or otherwise authenticate him to the server. A single “shortcut enabling” program, when installed, can facilitate any number of subsidiary file or application AppLink “shortcuts” on a user's GUI desktop.

[0240] The resulting accumulation of advantages may be summarized by the effect of this structural model. The technical interface provided by the subject invention provides for a network offset which preferably will lead to an increase in user or subscriber base. In essence, one embodiment of the present invention provides a network effect which builds an ever-increasing user base due to the appeal of the free or attractive software to the computing device user and the relatively low cost and highly customized data product provided to users of the user preference databases. As more free applications of software are available, as well as free uses of various sorts via these means identified herein are available, the benefits to users increase. This produces more users and greater and more valuable business and personal database entries resulting in more one-to-one, high quality service within economies. The network effect provided by the subject invention will preferably result in extraordinary savings of otherwise lost time, resources, and other opportunities not previously addressed or captured.

[0241] Various user interfaces may be used in implementing embodiments of the present invention; however, several suitable user interfaces are described herein. FIG. 44 depicts a suitable user interface 4410 serving as a confirmation screen so that the sender of an AppLink may ensure the parameters of the AppLink are as intended. The sender may then execute a GUI button 4412 to mail the AppLink, edit the parameters 4414, or cancel the AppLink 4416.

[0242] A suitable GUI interface for the receiver of an AppLink is depicted in FIG. 45 at 4510. The user may enter a password in the text box, download the document if permitted via a link, and observe information about the file that is the subject of the AppLink. Various informational links may also be provided for general information. However, if a recipient tries to access an AppLink that has expired or otherwise terminated, they may be presented with informational GUI depicted in FIG. 46, which may also serve as an informational source about the invention by way of links. If the AppLink is successfully accessed by the recipient, the sender of the AppLink may be notified by SMTP message as depicted in FIG. 47, or by other communication as detailed above.

[0243] An AppLink sender may be provided with a GUI interface or other suitable interface as depicted in FIG. 48 giving a comprehensive list of all AppLinks which the sender is currently administering or are active or pending. The status of the particular AppLinks may be shown. The sender may execute check boxes or otherwise indicate if any files are to be manually deleted prior to their automatic expiration.

[0244]FIG. 49 depicts a suitable embodiment of a multiple AppLink GUI which may serve as an improved public network portal, or collaborative vehicle, as described in detail above.

[0245] While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of providing individualized marketing and services to consumers, comprising the steps of: providing consumer and business access to a service; registering consumer and business users to receive the service; querying registered users as to particular preference data; querying registered users as to particular permissive action corresponding to use options of the preference data; storing for later use or editing the preference data and corresponding permissive action data; and selectively releasing preference data to particular designated users according to registrant-specified parameters.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the service is free.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the service comprises a server from which software may be downloaded.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the service comprises a server from which applications may be run in thin-client mode.
 5. A data system for optimizing use of large scale databases to individualize consumer and business marketing, comprising: communication net means for remote access by registered users of a data system; enabling code means which is configured for downloading from a remote communication net means to a local computing device; software control means for interfacing with said enabling code means to allow operation of the local computing device in various modes during or after a time period when enabling code means is being downloaded to the local computing device; and preference data storage means electronically interfaced with the communication net means for receiving, manipulating, and storing preference data of users of local computing devices.
 6. A method of distributing computer data files to remote users, comprising the steps of: providing a central server accessible to remote users and to a data file originator; effecting electronic delivery of a data file to the central server; providing executable code on the central server capable of receiving input from a remote user to manipulate the data file's native application, and further being capable of transmitting the output of the native application to a client application for display by the client application in a manner which can be viewed by a remote user.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of: providing a permissions system by which the data file access by remote users is limited according to specified parameters.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the specified parameters include the number of times the data file can be accessed.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the specified parameters include whether a remote user may save a data file locally.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the specified parameters include the provision of authentication information by the remote user.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the authentication information is a password.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the authentication information is a digital signature.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the specified parameter comprises the provision of a number of times the data file may be accessed.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the specified parameter comprises an inability for remote users to save the data file locally in the native application format.
 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the specified parameter comprises an expiration date past which time the data file may not be accessed.
 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the thin client comprises executable code operating within a browser environment.
 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the server storing the specified application is connected to a communications network and has an IP address.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the IP address information of the server is embedded directly or indirectly within an Internet WWW application page.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the IP address information of the server is embedded directly or indirectly within a electronic mail protocol message.
 20. A computerized data system for optimizing use of large scale databases, comprising: communication network means enabling remote access by registered users of a data system; enabling code means adapted for downloading from a remote server through a communication network means to a local computing device; software control means for interfacing with said enabling code means to allow operation of the local computing device in various modes for a specified time period after commencement of enabling code downloading; and preference data storage means electronically interfaced with the communication network means for receiving, manipulating, and storing preference data of users of local computing devices.
 21. A computerized method of providing restricted access to a file resident on a file server, comprising the steps of: providing computer-based storage of an electronic data file on a central file server; providing an executable application to which the electronic data file is native; providing to a remote client executable code having means for manipulation of the remote server, said executable code having means for display of the interface environment of the native application.
 22. The computerized method of providing restricted access to a file resident on a file server of claim 21, wherein the executable code is resident on the file server.
 23. The computerized method of providing restricted access to a file resident on a file server of claim 21, wherein the executable code is resident on an application server, said application server having a data communication link to said file server.
 24. The method of permitting restricted access to a server file of claim 21, wherein the enabling code operates within a browser environment.
 25. The method of permitting restricted access to a server file of claim 21, wherein the enabling code comprises a Java applet.
 26. A method of permitting multiple client users to simultaneously access a computer-linked remote data file, the method comprising the steps of: receiving a client request to access the document through a computer link; transmitting to the requesting client thin-client enabling code; and executing user application code on the server.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the service is made available to users who have paid a subscription fee.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the service is made available to users for free upon registration.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein appearance and function of the user's graphical user interface at the remote client may be customized by the user.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the enabling code downloaded to the client machine creates a graphical user interface for the user on the user's remote client computer.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the graphical user interface downloaded to the user's remote client computer instructs the user regarding carrying out the steps in a process of interest to the user.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the graphical user interface instructing the user regarding carrying out the steps in a process contains hyperlinks to advertising, promotional, and regulatory information and of interest to a user according to the process selected by the user.
 33. The method of claim 1 wherein a registrant may list items of personal information comprising name, address, clothing sizes, hobbies, interests, personal preferences in food, drink, and clothing.
 34. The method of claim 33 in which entries can be altered and updated by the user on an ongoing basis.
 35. The method of claim 33 in which the user may control access to their entities by third parties, and may allow selected access to personal information by vendors for the purpose of providing benefits to the user in the form of personalized offers of products or services related to the user's interests.
 36. The method of claim 6, wherein remote users may define a task, and further comprising the step of creating links to various vendors of products and services relevant to the project.
 37. The method of claim 36, in which the vendors linked in the task would pay a fee to the on-line service when they gain business via the workflow process.
 38. A computerized method of file-based communication, comprising the steps of: opening a computer file within a native application, the file and application being resident on a central server; providing access to the computer file to users of a plurality of remote client machines; wherein each of users the plurality of remote client machines may manipulate the computer file resident on the central server by operating the native application.
 39. The computerized method of file-based communication of claim 38, wherein only one of the plurality of remote client machines is enabled to operate the native application at any given time.
 40. The computerized method of file-based communication of claim 39, wherein the one of the plurality of remote client machines enabled to operate the native application is enabled by holding a token.
 41. A computerized method of providing access to a computer file resident on a server; comprising: providing access to the computer file to users of at least one remote client computer running a thin client interface, the interface being capable of reflecting the state of a native application for manipulation of the computer file and registering commands from the remote client computer to the native application; and varying at least one screen resolution parameter in response to variations in the transmission quality of the connection between the server and the remote client machine. wherein each of users the plurality of remote client machines may manipulate the computer file resident on the central server by operating the native application.
 42. The computerized method of claim 41, wherein the screen resolution parameter is varied in response to at least one of the parameters of variation in the bandwidth, variation in data transmission speed, and variation in latency, of the connection.
 43. A computerized method of targeted marketing, comprising the steps of: providing a database storing personal preference information of a plurality of individual identified purchasers; defining a set of contact opportunities enabling contact with the buyers; providing access to the database to sellers; allowing the plurality of consumers to set contact parameters restricting seller contact with the buyers; providing to sellers in exchange for consideration the contact opportunities remaining after application of the contact parameters to the set of contact opportunities; and remitting at least some of the consideration from the sellers to buyers.
 44. The computerized method of targeted marketing of claim 43, further comprising the step of allowing buyers to enter their personal preference information in the database.
 45. The computerized method of targeted marketing of claim 43, further comprising the step of allowing sellers to enter the empirical preference information of buyers in the database.
 46. The computerized method of claim 43, wherein remote users may restrict distribution of preference information according to specified parameters.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the specified parameters comprise particular companies.
 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the specified parameters comprise classes of companies.
 49. The method of claim 46, wherein the specified parameters comprise types of service providers.
 50. A file serverpcomputer system for remote access comprising: a central computer adapted for the storage and transmission of at least one electronic data file; at least one remote computer executing a thin client environment; means for execution of an application adapted for manipulation of the at least one electronic data file, means for display to the thin client environment; means for input from the thin client environment; means for having said input being reflected in the electronic data file; and means for restriction of the input from the remote machine.
 51. The file server computer system of claim 50, wherein the means for input restriction comprise a partially disabled native application.
 52. The file server computer system of claim 50, wherein the means for input restriction comprise a partially disabled thin client environment.
 53. The file server computer system of claim 50, wherein the means for input restriction comprise a partially disabled local application.
 54. The file server computer system of claim 50, wherein the location of the target file on the file server is transmitted to at least one remote computer by a user administering the file.
 55. The file server computer system of claim 50, wherein the transmission of the location of the target file on the file server is transmitted via an html link.
 56. The file server computer system of claim 55, wherein the transmission of the location of the target file on the file server is encrypted.
 57. The file server computer system of claim 55, further comprising means for licensing of the application adapted for manipulation of the at least one electronic data file to the user of the thin client environment.
 58. The file server computer system of claim 55, wherein the file server is administered by the user administering the target file on the file server.
 59. A computerized thin client interface device comprising: a computer; an output screen device connected to said computer; a thin client application executable on said computer; said thin client presenting via the screen device a user interface in desktop form; said user interface containing therein at least one user interface to a remote network resource.
 60. The computerized thin client interface device of claim 59, wherein the remote network resource may be accessed via a public network. 